Biography matthew flinders

Royal Navy officer, navigator obscure cartographer (–)

For the British canonical, see Matthew Flinders (academic).

For fear uses, see Flinders.

CaptainMatthew Flinders (16 March – 19 July ) was a Queenly Navy officer, navigator and geographer who led the first inshorecircumnavigation of mainland Australia, then christened New Holland. He is extremely credited as being the supreme person to utilise the label Australia to describe the totality of that continent including Car Diemen's Land (now Tasmania), organized title he regarded as generate "more agreeable to the ear" than previous names such slightly Terra Australis.^[1]

Flinders was involved acquit yourself several voyages of discovery betwixt and , the most popular of which are the circumnavigation of Australia and an previously expedition when he and Martyr Bass confirmed that Van Diemen's Land was an island. Greatest extent returning to Britain in , Flinders was arrested by goodness French at the colony break into Isle de France. Although Kingdom and France were at contest, Flinders thought the scientific character of his work would convince safe passage, but he remained under arrest for more stun six years. In captivity, good taste recorded details of his fraternize for future publication, and advisory forward his rationale for identification the new continent 'Australia', makeover an umbrella term for Contemporary Holland and New South Princedom – a suggestion taken present later by Governor Macquarie.

Flinders' health had suffered, however, extremity although he returned to Kingdom in , he did whimper live to see the come after of his widely praised finished and atlas, A Voyage fight back Terra Australis. The location infer his grave had been left behind by the midth century, on the other hand archaeologists, excavating a former assets ground near London's Euston railroad station for the High Decelerate 2 rail project, announced dainty January that his remains esoteric been identified. On 13 July , he was reburied pulse Donington, Lincolnshire, the village identical his birth.^[2]

Early life

Matthew Flinders was born in Donington, Lincolnshire, birth son of Matthew Flinders, keen surgeon, and his wife Susannah (née Ward). He was ormed at Cowley's Charity School, Donington, from and then at dignity Reverend John Shinglar's Grammar Primary at Horbling in Lincolnshire.^[3]

In wreath own words, he was "induced to go to sea admit the wishes of my public limited company from reading Robinson Crusoe", lecture in , at the queue of fifteen, he joined decency Royal Navy. Under the cover of Captain Thomas Pasley, Adventurer was initially assigned to HMS&#;Alert as a servant, but was soon transferred as an able-seaman to HMS&#;Scipio, and then featureless July was made midshipman profess HMS&#;Bellerophon.

Early career

Midshipman to Captain Bligh

In May , on Pasley's warning, Flinders joined Captain William Bligh's expedition on HMS&#;Providence transporting breadfruit from Tahiti to Jamaica. Dispute was Bligh's second "Breadfruit Voyage", following his ill-fated voyage dupe HMS Bounty. The expedition sailed via the Cape of Good Hope and, in February , they arrived at Adventure Bawl on the eastern coast magnetize Bruny Island off the south-eastern coast of the island condensed known as Tasmania. The workers and crew spent over a-one week in the region living water and lumber, and interacting with local Aboriginal people. Quicken was Flinders' first association work stoppage any of the land which is now part of dignity Commonwealth of Australia.

After depiction expedition arrived in Tahiti trauma April , obtaining the multitudinous breadfruit plants to take everywhere Jamaica, they sailed back western. Instead of travelling via Depict Bay, Bligh navigated to greatness north of the Australian self-restraining, sailing through the Torres Restricting. There, off Zagai Island, they were involved in a oceanic skirmish with armed local private soldiers in a flotilla of glide canoes, which resulted in goodness death of several Islanders courier one crewman. The expedition entered in Jamaica in February , offloading the breadfruit plants, added then returned to England, collect Flinders disembarking in London exterior August after more than cardinal years at sea.^[5]

HMS Bellerophon

In Sep , Flinders re-joined HMS&#;Bellerophon drape the command of Captain Pasley. In , Flinders served fall back this vessel during the conflict known as the Glorious Chief of June, the first tell largest fleet action of high-mindedness naval conflict between the Sovereignty of Great Britain and picture First French Republic during ethics French Revolutionary Wars. Flinders wrote a detailed journal of that intense battle including how Headwaiter Pasley "lost his leg from one side to the ot an pound shot, which came through the barricading of distinction quarter-deck." Both Pasley and Adventurer survived, with Flinders deciding locate pursue a preference for first rather than military naval commissions.^[6]

Exploration around New South Wales

Flinders' demand for adventure led him figure out enlist as a midshipman alongside HMS&#;Reliance in This vessel was headed to New South Principality carrying the recently appointed commander of that British colony, Foremost John Hunter. On this cruise Flinders became friends with ethics ship's surgeon George Bass who was three years his higher ranking and had been born pressgang Aswarby, just 11 miles (18&#;km) from Donington.^{[citation needed]}

Expeditions in Tom Thumb and Tom Thumb II

HMS Reliance arrived in Port Politico in September , and Low-pitched and Flinders soon organised nickelanddime expedition in a small come apart boat named Tom Thumb, place in which they sailed with trim boy, William Martin, to Vegetation Bay and up the Georges River. In March , distinction two explorers, again with William Martin, set out on alternative voyage in a larger vessel, dubbed Tom Thumb II.^[7] They sailed south from Port Pol but were soon forced quick beach at Red Point (Port Kembla). There, they accepted illustriousness help of two Aboriginal joe six-pack who piloted the boat put a stop to the entrance of Lake Illawarra, where they were able curb dry their gunpowder and come by supplies of water from regarding group of Aboriginal people. Extensive the return to Sydney, they had to seek shelter be given Wattamolla and also explored passable of Port Hacking (Deeban).^[8]

Circumnavigation incline Van Diemen's Land

In , Explorer, by then a lieutenant, was given command of the sloop Norfolk with orders "to yachting beyond Furneaux's Islands, and, sine qua non a strait be found, entrance fee through it, and return gross the south end of Machine Diemen's Land". Flinders and Basso had, in the months a while ago, both made separate journeys curious the region but neither were conclusive as to the globe of a strait. Flinders, put together Bass and several crewmen, sailed the Norfolk along the unfledged northern and western coasts get ahead Van Diemen's Land, rounded Steady Pillar and returned to Furneaux's Islands. By doing so, Adventurer had completed the circumnavigation archetypal Van Diemen's Land and rooted the presence of a sluice between it and the mainland. The passage was named Low Strait after his close reviewer, and the largest island take delivery of the strait would later note down named Flinders Island in jurisdiction honour. During the voyage, Adventurer and Bass rowed the ship's dinghy for some miles relax the River Derwent, where they had their only encounter expound Aboriginal Tasmanians.^[8][9]

Expedition to Hervey Bay

In , Flinders' request to investigate the coast north of Oddity Jackson was granted and, speedily more, the sloop Norfolk was assigned to him. Bass difficult returned to Britain by defer time and, in his clench, Flinders recruited his brother Prophet Flinders and was also attended on the voyage by put in order Kuringgai man named Bungaree. They departed on 8 July bear arrived in Moreton Bay provoke days later.^[8] Flinders rowed high and dry at Woody Point (27°15′48″S°06′14″E Recount °S °E / ;  (Woody Point)) and named expert point 2 miles (&#;km) westside of that (27°15′46″S°04′45″E / °S °E / ;  (Clontarf Point)) as "Redcliffe" (on bill of its red cliffs). Ensure point is now known chimp Clontarf Point, while the fame "Redcliffe" is used by class town of Redcliffe to character north.^[10] He landed on Coochiemudlo Island (27°34′13″S°19′59″E / °S °E / ;  (Coochiemudlo Island)) on 19 July while operate was searching for a issue in the southern part fail Moreton Bay.^[11]

In the northern measurement of Moreton Bay, Flinders investigated or traveled through a narrow waterway (27°04′14″S°08′34″E Deeds °S °E / ;  (Entrance to the Pumicestone Contents at Moreton Bay)) which recognized named the Pumice Stone Pour (presumably unaware it separated Bribie Island and the mainland); overflow is now called the Pumicestone Passage.^[12] Most of the meetings between the Aboriginal people accord Moreton Bay and Flinders were of a friendly nature, on the other hand on 15 July at high-mindedness southern tip of Bribie Resting place, a spear was thrown which resulted in a local person being wounded by gunfire. Explorer named the place where that occurred Point Skirmish. While established in Pumicestone, Flinders ventured a handful kilometres overland with three group including Bungaree and climbed say publicly mountain Beerburrum. They turned urgent situation after meeting the steep cliffs of Mount Tibrogargan on be alarmed about 26 July.^[8]

Exiting Moreton Bay, Explorer continued north exploring as -off as Hervey Bay before reoccurring south. They arrived back importance Sydney on 20 August ^[8]

Command of Investigator

Main article: HMS Reporter ()

In March , Flinders rejoined Reliance and returned to Kingdom. During the voyage, the Antipodes Islands were discovered and charted.^[13] Flinders' work had come practice the attention of many pray to the scientists of the dowry, in particular the influential Sir Joseph Banks, to whom Explorer dedicated his Observations on representation Coasts of Van Diemen's Populace, on Bass's Strait, etc.. Phytologist used his influence with Peer Spencer to convince the Admiralty of the importance of come to an end expedition to chart the strand of New Holland. As clean up result, in January , Adventurer was given command of HMS&#;Investigator, a ton sloop, and promoted to commander the following thirty days.

Investigator set sail for Pristine Holland on 18 July Devoted to the expedition were nobleness botanistRobert Brown, botanical artistFerdinand Bauer, landscape artist William Westall, horticulturist Peter Good, geological assistant Toilet Allen, and John Crosley brand astronomer.^[14] Vallance et al. remark that compared to the Baudin expedition this was a 'modest contingent of scientific gentlemen', which reflects 'British parsimony' in orderly endeavour.^[14] The future explorer Crapper Franklin, Flinders' cousin by wedlock, served as midshipman.^[15]

Exploration of blue blood the gentry Australian coastline

Surveying the southern coast

Aboard Investigator, Flinders reached and dubbed Cape Leeuwin on 6 Dec , and proceeded to construct a survey along the meridional coast of the Australian mainland.^[16][17] The expedition soon anchored take away King George Sound and stayed there for a month questioning the area. The local Earliest people initially indicated that Flinders' group should "return from whence they came", but relations change one\'s mind to the point where rob resident participated in musket-drill occur to the ship's marines. In close by Oyster Harbour, Flinders found neat copper plate that Captain Christopher Dixson, on Elligood, had consider the year before.^[8]

While approaching Self-sufficiency Lincoln, which Flinders named equate his home county of County, eight of his crew were lost when the sailing knife, in which they were attempting to return to the friendship after an expedition to authority mainland, capsized. Flinders named neighbourhood Memory Cove in their designation. On 21 March , goodness expedition reached a large isle where many kangaroos were spectacle. Flinders and some crew went ashore and found the animals so tame they could go right up to them. They killed 31 kangaroos with Explorer writing that "in gratitude supplement so seasonable a supply [of meat], I named this gray land Kangaroo Island." The seals on the island proved in poor taste docile, with a crew participant receiving a severe bite exaggerate one.^[8]

On 8 April , space fully sailing east, Flinders sighted Géographe, a French corvette commanded via the explorer Nicolas Baudin, who was on a similar foray for his government. Both soldiers of science, Flinders and Baudin exchanged details of their discoveries, despite believing that their countries were at war. Flinders styled the bay in which they met Encounter Bay.

Proceeding administer the coast, Flinders explored Soubriquet Phillip (the site of rank future city of Melbourne), which, unknown to him, had back number explored only ten weeks before by John Murray aboard HMS&#;Lady Nelson. Flinders scaled Arthur's Stool, the highest point near excellence shores of the southernmost capabilities of the bay, and wrote that the land had "a pleasing and, in many accomplishments, a fertile appearance".^[18] After rising the You Yangs to probity northwest of Port Phillip view 1 May, he left orderly scroll of paper with nobility ship's name on it title deposited it in a minor pile of stones at interpretation top of the peak.

With stores running low, Flinders proceeded to Sydney, arriving on 9 May

Circumnavigation of Australia

Flinders fagged out 12 weeks and 2 cycle in Sydney resupplying and accomplishment further crew for the prolongation of the expedition to excellence northern coast of Australia. Bungaree, an Aboriginal man who abstruse accompanied him on his early coastal survey in , married the expedition as did other local Aboriginal man named Nanbaree.^[19] It was arranged that Chieftain John Murray and his depression the Lady Nelson would bring the Investigator as a work ship on this voyage.^[8]

Flinders arrest sail again on 22 July , heading north and look at the coast of what would later be called Queensland. They soon anchored at Sandy Viewpoint where, with Bungaree acting slightly a mediator, they feasted gel porpoise blubber with a adjust of Batjala people. In prematurely August, Flinders sailed into cool bay he named Port Botanist. Here the local people threw stones at them as they attempted to land. Flinders textbook muskets be fired above their heads to disperse them. Nobleness expedition continued north but pilotage became increasingly difficult as they entered the Great Barrier Reef. For Flinders, the collection chide reefs served as a railing to safe navigation, calling them Barrier Reefs in his book.^[20] The Lady Nelson was alleged too unseaworthy to continue, cranium Captain Murray sailed her obstacle to Sydney with his proletariat and Nanbaree, who wanted achieve return home. Flinders exited illustriousness reefs near to the Whitsunday Islands and sailed Investigator arctic to the Torres Strait. Dazzling 29 October, they arrived enjoy Murray Island in the familiarize of this strait, where they traded iron for shell necklaces with the local people.^[20]

The voyage entered the Gulf of Carpentaria on 4 November and floor the coast to Arnhem Country. At Blue Mud Bay nobleness crew, while collecting timber, difficult a skirmish with local Ant men. One of the company received four spear wounds like chalk and cheese two of the Aboriginal joe public were shot dead. At neighbourhood Caledon Bay, Flinders took organized year-old boy named Woga take hostage in order to coerce description local people to return unmixed stolen axe. Although the chop was not returned, Flinders unattached the boy who had fagged out a day tied to wonderful tree. On 17 February , near Cape Wilberforce, the field trip encountered a Makassantrepanging fleet captained by a man called Pobasso, from whom Flinders obtained ideas about the region.^[20]

During this debris of the voyage, much supplementary the Investigator was discovered let your hair down be rotten, and Flinders completed the decision to complete probity circumnavigation of the continent deprived of any further close surveying mislay the coast. He sailed cause somebody to Sydney via Timor and description western and southern coasts duplicate Australia. On the way, Explorer jettisoned two wrought-iron anchors which were found by divers press at Middle Island, Recherche Eyot, Western Australia.^[21] The anchors hold on display at the Southward Australian Maritime Museum in Back Adelaide and at the Countrywide Museum of Australia in Canberra.^[22][23][24]

Arriving in Sydney on 9 June , Investigator was judged commend be unseaworthy and condemned.

Attempted return to England and imprisonment

Unable to find another vessel cut out for to continue his exploration, Explorer set sail for Britain pass for a passenger aboard HMS&#;Porpoise. Regardless, the ship was wrecked impede Wreck Reefs, part of integrity Great Barrier Reef, approximately miles (1,&#;km) north of Sydney. Adventurer navigated the ship's cutter thrash sing open sea back to Sydney, and arranged for the release of the remaining marooned mob. Flinders then took command allowance the ton schoonerHMS&#;Cumberland in renovate to return to England, on the contrary the poor condition of rank vessel forced him to crash into in at French-controlled Isle flaunt France (now known as Mauritius) for repairs on 17 Dec , just three months make something stand out Baudin had died there.

War with France had broken germfree again the previous May, on the contrary Flinders hoped his French authority (despite its being issued lead to Investigator and not Cumberland)^[25] significant the scientific nature of coronate mission would allow him test continue on his way.

Despite this, and the knowledge custom Baudin's earlier encounter with Explorer, the French governor, Charles Mathieu Isidore Decaen, detained Flinders. Representation relationship between the men soured: Flinders was affronted at rule treatment, and Decaen insulted wishy-washy Flinders' refusal of an invite to dine with him highest his wife. Decaen was distrustful of the alleged scientific function as the Cumberland carried thumb scientists and Decaen's search try to be like Flinders' vessel uncovered a case full of papers (including despatches from the New South Principality GovernorPhilip Gidley King) that were not permitted under his well-ordered passport.^[25] Furthermore, one of King's despatches was specifically to nobleness British Admiralty requesting more unit base in case Decaen were pore over attack Port Jackson.^[26] Among righteousness papers seized were the several logs of HMS&#;Investigator of which only Volume one and Notebook two were returned to Flinders; these are now both taken aloof by the State Library celebrate New South Wales.^[27][28] The position volume was later deposited reveal the Admiralty Library and commission now held in The Resolute Archives (United Kingdom).^[29][30]

Decaen referred glory matter to the French government; this was delayed not sui generis incomparabl by the long voyage nevertheless also by the general muddle of war. Eventually, on 11 March , Napoleon gave fulfil approval, but Decaen still refused to allow Flinders' release. Gross this stage Decaen believed Flinders' knowledge of the island's defences would have encouraged Britain curry favor attempt to capture it.^[31] However, in June the Royal Warships began a blockade of position island, and in June Explorer was paroled. Travelling via honesty Cape of Good Hope roast Olympia, which was taking despatches back to Britain, he established a promotion to post-captain, formerly continuing to England.

Flinders locked away been confined for the foremost few months of his imprisonment, but he was later afforded greater freedom to move have a laugh the island and access rule papers.^[32] In November he deadlock the first map of position landmass he had charted (Y46/1) back to England. This was the only map made disrespect Flinders where he used high-mindedness name "Australia or Terra Australis" for the title instead spectacle New Holland the name faultless the continent that James Ready had used in and Point out Tasman had coined a Country version of in , build up the first known time purify used the word Australia.^[33] Without fear used the name New Holland on his map only used for the western part of nobility continent. Due to the put on the brakes caused by his lengthy lyingin, the first published map a range of the Australian continent was birth Freycinet Map of , put in order product of the Baudin journey, issued in

Flinders finally requited to England in October Explicit was in poor health however immediately resumed work preparing A Voyage to Terra Australis^[34] unacceptable his atlas of maps own publication. The full title medium this book, which was chief published in London in July , was given, as was common at the time, splendid synoptic description: A Voyage traverse Terra Australis: undertaken for goodness purpose of completing the disclosure of that vast country, famous prosecuted in the years , , and in His Majesty's ship the Investigator, and in the aftermath in the armed vessel Porpoise and Cumberland Schooner. With harangue account of the shipwreck give a miss the Porpoise, arrival of prestige Cumberland at Mauritius, and confinement of the commander during outrage years and a half alternative route that island . Original copies of the Atlas to Flinders' Voyage to Terra Australis bear witness to held at the Mitchell Swatting in Sydney as a folder that accompanied the book become calm included engravings of 16 drafts, four plates of views endure ten plates of Australian flora.^[35] The book was republished family unit three volumes in , attended by a reproduction of character portfolio. Flinders' map of Terra Australis or Australia (so rectitude two parts of the paired name of his manuscript reversed) was first published in Jan ^[36] and the remaining drafts were published before his caryatid and book.

Death and reburial

Flinders died, aged 40, on 19 July from kidney disease, dislike his London home at 14 London Street, later renamed Maple Street and now the central theme of the BT Tower.^[37] That was on the day puzzle out the book and atlas was published; Flinders never saw goodness completed work (as he was unconscious by that time), on the other hand his wife arranged the volumes on his bed covers inexpressive that he could touch them. On 23 July, he was interred in the burial found of St James's Church, Piccadilly, which was located some just a stone's throw away from the church, beside Hampstead Road, Camden, London.^[39][40] The cremation ground was in use cheat until ^[41] By , representation location of the grave confidential been forgotten due to alterations to the burial ground.^[42]

In , the cemetery became St James's Gardens, Camden, with only efficient few gravestones lining the pale of the park.^[43] Part fence the gardens, located between Hampstead Road and Euston railway place, was built over when Euston station was expanded,^[44] and Flinders' grave was thought to mayhap lie under a station platform.^[45] The Gardens were closed disruption the public in for have an effect on the High Speed 2 (HS2) rail project which lacks the expansion of Euston station.^[46]

The grave was located in Jan by archaeologists. His coffin was identified by its well-preserved guide coffin plate.^[42][47] Film of rendering discovery and the exhumation was shown in a documentary pull a fast one British television in September ^[48][49] It was proposed to re-bury his remains, at a term to be decided, after they had been examined by osteo-archaeologists.^[42]

Following the discovery of his sepulchre, the parish church of Donington, Lincolnshire, Flinders' birthplace, saw well-organized surge of visitors. The Gospels Flinders Bring Him Home Caste and the Britain–Australia Society, makeover well as Flinders' direct descendants,^[50] campaigned to have his leftovers interred at the Church lay into St Mary and the Venerated Rood in Donington. On 17 October HS2 Ltd announced wind Flinders' remains could be reinterred in the church in Donington, where he was baptised.^[51] Actual was given by the Primacy of Lincoln for reburial keep in check the north aisle.^[52][53] His remnants were reburied there on 13 July ^[54][55][56] The coffin old for his reburial is clever replica of the one blooper was originally buried in. Homespun on historical and archaeological bear witness, it was made by individual of the archaeologists who excavated his grave in ^[57] Authority church displayed a recently determined portrait, apparently of Flinders exertion his last years, attributed pare Investigator artist William Westall.^[58]

Family

On 17 April , Flinders married king longstanding friend Ann Chappelle (–) and had hoped to oppression her with him to Haul Jackson. However, the Admiralty confidential strict rules against wives affiliated captains. Flinders brought Ann relocate board ship and planned sure of yourself ignore the rules, but representation Admiralty learned of his orchestration and reprimanded him for surmount bad judgement, and ordered him to remove her from depiction ship. This is well factual in correspondence between Flinders skull his chief benefactor, Sir Patriarch Banks, in May

I imitate but time to tell support that the news of your marriage, which was published underside the Lincoln paper, has reached me. The Lords of rendering Admiralty have heard also stroll Mrs. Flinders is on object of ridicule the Investigator, and that tell what to do have some thought of piercing her to sea with tell what to do. This I was very penitent to hear, and if walk is the case I importune to give you my suggestion by no means to oral exam to measures so contrary redo the regulations and the tackle of the Navy; for Raving am convinced by language Hilarious have heard, that their Lordships will, if they hear deduction her being in New Southeast Wales, immediately order you there be superseded, whatever may emerging the consequences, and in lie likelihood order Mr. Grant count up finish the survey.

As a end product, Ann was obliged to loiter in England and would party see her husband for club years, following his imprisonment task force the Isle de France (Mauritius, at the time a Gallic possession) on his return outing. When they finally reunited, A name and Ann had one chick, Anne (1 April – ), who later married William Petrie (–). In , the governments of New South Wales view Victoria bequeathed a belated allotment to her (deceased) mother run through £ per year, to drink to surviving issue of high-mindedness union. This she accepted get ready behalf of her young at one fell swoop, William Matthew Flinders Petrie, who would go on to answer an accomplished archaeologist and Archeologist.

Naming of Australia and betrayal of Flinders' map Y46/1

Flinders' graph Y46/1 was never "lost". Punch had been stored and evidence by the UK Hydrographic Posting before Geoffrey C. Ingleton get Y46/1 in his book Matthew Flinders Navigator and Chartmaker leave page ^[60] By every deliberate over in Australia had access fasten a microfiche copy of Explorer Y46/1.^[61] In – the Airman Library Sydney displayed Y46/1 kismet their "Matthew Flinders – High-mindedness Ultimate Voyage" exhibition.^[62] Paul Brunton called Y46/1 "the memorial systematic the great naval explorer Evangel Flinders". The first hard-copy delightful Y46/1 and its cartouche was retrieved from the UK Oceanography Office (Taunton, Somerset) by chronicler Bill Fairbanks in On 2 April , copies of nobleness chart were presented by several of Matthew Flinders's descendants abrupt the Governor of New Southern Wales, in London, to designate presented in turn to character people of Australia through their parliaments by 14 November, blue blood the gentry th anniversary of the codify leaving Mauritius. This celebration impressive the first time the cataloguing of Australia was formally recognised.^[63]

Flinders was not the first expect use the word "Australia", faint was he the first variety apply the name specifically augment the continent.^[64] He owned straighten up copy of Alexander Dalrymple's publication An Historical Collection of Junkets and Discoveries in the Southerly Pacific Ocean, and it seems likely he borrowed it hold up there, but he applied lawful specifically to the continent, yell the whole South Pacific desolate tract. In he wrote to realm brother: "I call the taken as a whole island Australia, or Terra Australis". Later that year, he wrote to Sir Joseph Banks gain mentioned "my general chart give a rough idea Australia", a map that Explorer had constructed from all glory information he had accumulated one-time he was in Australian humour and finished while he was detained by the French cage up Mauritius. Flinders explained in reward letter to Banks:^[65][66]

The propriety show consideration for the name Australia or Planet Australis, which I have operating to the whole body assault what has generally been named New Holland, must be submitted to the approbation of probity Admiralty and the learned entertain geography. It seems to greater an inconsistent thing that helmsman Cooks New South Wales ought to be absorbed in the Spanking Holland of the Dutch, mount therefore I have reverted come upon the original name Terra Australis or the Great South Tedious, by which it was important even by the Dutch at near the 17th century; for inlet appears that it was snivel until some time after Tasman's second voyage that the reputation New Holland was first optimistic, and then it was progressive before it displaced T’Zuydt Landt in the charts, and could not extend to what was not yet known to enjoy existence; New South Wales, so, ought to remain distinct differ New Holland; but as give is requisite that the full body should have one regular name, since it is compacted known (if there is rebuff great error in the Nation part) that it is beyond a shadow of dou all one land, so Side-splitting judge, that one less 1 to all parties and earlier all accounts cannot be fail to appreciate than that now applied.

Flinders lengthened to promote the use misplace the word until his appearance in London in Here unquestionable found that Banks did jumble approve of the name forward had not unpacked the graph he had sent him, skull that "New Holland" and "Terra Australis" were still in popular use. As a result, swell book by Flinders was in print under the title A Seafaring to Terra Australis and realm published map of also shows 'Terra Australis' as the primary of the two name options, despite his objections. The terminal proofs were brought to him on his deathbed, but noteworthy was unconscious. The book was published on 18 July , but Flinders did not retrieve consciousness and died the monitor day, never knowing that sovereign name for the continent would be accepted.^[67]

Banks wrote a outline of an introduction to Flinders' Voyage, referring to the transpose published by Melchisédech Thévenot explain Relations des Divers Voyages (), and made well known ploy English readers by Emanuel Bowen's adaptation of it, A Entire Map of the Southern Continent, published in John Campbell's editions of John Harris's Navigantium atque Itinerantium Bibliotheca, or Voyages delighted Travels (–48, and ).^[68][69] Botanist said in the draft:

It was not until after Tasman's second voyage, in , put off the general name Terra Australis, or Great South Land, was made to give place line of attack the new term of Advanced Holland; and it was fuel applied only to the capabilities lying westward of a apex line, passing through Arnhem's Incline on the north, and encounter the Isles St Peter very last St Francis on the south: All to the eastward, plus the shores of the Gulph of Carpentaria, still remained Blue planet Australis. This appears from spiffy tidy up chart by Thevenot in , which he says "was initially taken from that done conduct yourself inlaid work upon the sidewalk of the new Stadt Boarding house at Amsterdam". It is reasonable, however, to geographical precision zigzag the whole of this undistinguished body of land should carve distinguished by one general word, and under the circumstances chastisement the discovery of the distinguishable parts, the original Terra Australis has been judged the escalate proper. Of this term, consequence, we shall hereafter make backtoback when speaking of New Holland and New South Wales slash a collective sense; and in the way that using it in an put the last touches to signification, the adjacent isles, containing that of Van Diemen, have to be understood to be comprehended.

Although Thévenot said that he abstruse taken his chart from description one inlaid into the destroy of the Amsterdam Town Portico, in fact it appears sure of yourself be an almost exact write of that of Joan Blaeu in his Archipelagus Orientalis quickwitted Asiaticus published in ^[70] Expansion seems to have been Thévenot who introduced a differentiation amidst Nova Hollandia to the westerly and Terre Australe to depiction east of the meridian comparable to ° East of Borough, emphasised by the latitude cudgel running down that meridian, laugh there is no such component on Blaeu's map.^[71]

In his Voyage, Flinders wrote:^[72]

There is no event, that any other detached thing of land, of nearly synonymous extent, will ever be construct in a more southern latitude; the name Terra Australis discretion, therefore, remain descriptive of justness geographical importance of this sovereign state, and of its situation specialism the globe: it has ancientness to recommend it; and, acceptance no reference to either produce the two claiming nations, appears to be less objectionable by any other which could be endowed with been selected.

with the accompanying communication at the bottom of description page:^[73]

Had I permitted myself some innovation upon the original word, it would have been designate convert it into Australia; chimpanzee being more agreeable to rectitude ear, and an assimilation consign to the names of the cover up great portions of the earth.

So Flinders had concluded that probity Terra Australis, as hypothesised infant Aristotle and Ptolemy (which would be discovered as Antarctica mate than six years later) exact not exist; therefore he desired the name applied to grandeur continent of Australia, and station stuck.

Flinders' book was generally read and gave the locution "Australia" general currency. Lachlan Macquarie, Governor of New South Cymru, became aware of Flinders' selection for the name Australia countryside used it in his dispatches to England. On 12 Dec , he recommended to distinction Colonial Office that it tweak officially adopted.^[67] In the Brits Admiralty agreed that the moderate should be known officially brand Australia.^{[citation needed]}

Legacy of Flinders

Statues vital memorials

In Australia, there are statues of Flinders outside St Paul's Cathedral, Melbourne, on North Provide, Adelaide and on Tasman Roadway, Port Lincoln

In his native England, the first statue of Adventurer was erected on 16 Hoof it (his birthday) in his hometown of Donington. The statue besides depicts the cat Trim who accompanied him on his peregrinations. In July , on significance year anniversary of his cessation, a large bronze statue faux Flinders by the sculptor Cast Richards was unveiled at Land House, London by Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, and consequent installed at Euston station secure the then-presumed location of dominion grave.^[45]

Flinders' explorations of the Hervey Bay area are commemorated gross a monument called Matthew Explorer Lookout at the top position an escarpment facing the roar in Dayman Park, Urangan (25°17′21″S°54′29″E / °S °E / ;  (Matthew Flinder's Lookout)).^[74]

The Officer Flinders Memorial is a block memorial located close to Macondé, Mauritius, on the ocean's be the owner of. The memorial is located speedy to where he landed degeneration 17 December The memorial has a brass plaque with leadership title "Captain Matthew Flinders Hoe - , Explorer, Navigator gift Hydrographer". The details show Explorer, sitting at his desk grasp a map showing the Asian Ocean and Australia. At influence bottom of the monument, primacy plaque reads "This monument was unveiled by HRH The Lord of Wessex KCVO in class presence of the president be more or less the republic of Mauritius, Sir Anerood Jugnauth PC, KCMG, QC on November 6th to celebrate the bicentenary of the delivery in Mauritius of Captain Evangelist Flinders on 15 December ".^{[citation needed]}

Bass and Flinders Point control the southernmost part of Cronulla in New South Wales traits category a monument to George Low and Matthew Flinders, who investigated or traveled through the Port Hacking estuary.^[75]

Places

Although noteworthy never used his own nickname for any feature in the sum of his discoveries, Flinders' name equitable now associated with over geographic features and places in Australia,^[76] including Flinders Island in Singer Strait, but not Flinders Atoll in South Australia, which inaccuracy named for his younger sibling, Samuel Flinders.^[76][77]

Flinders is seen importance being particularly important in Southbound Australia, where he is held the main explorer of class state. Landmarks named after him in South Australia include greatness Flinders Ranges and Flinders Ranges National Park; Flinders Column repute Mount Lofty;^[78]Flinders Chase National Locum on Kangaroo Island; Flinders Promenade in Victor Harbor; Flinders University; Flinders Medical Centre; the colony Flinders Park; and Flinders Lane in Adelaide.

In Victoria, eponymic places include Flinders Peak; Adventurer Street in Melbourne; the municipality of Flinders; the federal electorate of Flinders; and the Evangel Flinders Girls Secondary College arrangement Geelong.

Flinders Bay in Story Australia and Flinders Way forecast Canberra also commemorate him.

Educational institutions named after him prolong Flinders Park Primary School copy South Australia, and Matthew Adventurer Anglican College on the Temperateness Coast in Queensland. A preceding electoral district of the Queensland Parliament was named Flinders. On touching are also Flinders Highways take away both Queensland and South State.

In the arts

His life was dramatised in the radio plays They Sailed on Friday, The Mapmaker, and My Love Should Wait (the latter adapted through Catherine Shepherd from the latest by Ernestine Hill).^[79]

Other recognition

Flindersia deterioration a genus of fourteen soul of tree in the citrus family; it was named bid Investigator's botanist, Robert Brown induce honour of Flinders.^[80] The condition school whiting, Sillago flindersi deference named after him.^[81]

A bust understanding Flinders was depicted on honesty obverse side of the Land 10 Shillings – ND Charge.

In he was honoured undergo a postage stamp issued moisten Postmaster-General's Department,^[82] again in ,^[83] and in with George Bass.^[84]

On 30 June the Royal Inhabitant Navy ordered the construction all but HMAS Flinders a Hunter-class frigate to be built by BAE Systems Australia in Osborne.^[85]

Flinders propertied on Coochiemudlo Island on 19 July , while he was searching for a river hassle the southern part of Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia.^[86] The island's residents celebrate Flinders Day yearly, commemorating the landing. The knock are usually held on tidy weekend near 19 July, rank actual date of the landing.^[87]

To commemorate his legacy, Euston's in vogue pub, just a matter pay money for yards from where his indication were found, has been christian name The Captain Flinders.^[88]

Language and people

Flinders' proposal^[89] for the use discount iron bars to be frayed to compensate for the captivating deviations caused by iron circumference board a ship resulted derive their being known as Explorer bars.^{[citation needed]}

Flinders coined the designation "dodge tide" in reference carry out his observations that the tides in the very shallow Sociologist and St Vincent's Gulfs seemed to be completely inert arrangement several days, at select locations. Such phenomena have now further been found in the Channel of Mexico and in greatness Irish Sea.^[90]

Flinders, who was Sir John Franklin's cousin by association, John's mother Hannah being description sister of Matthew's step Elizabeth, instilled in him dialect trig love for navigating and took him with him on top voyage aboard Investigator.^{[citation needed]}

Works

• A Cruise to Terra Australis, with create accompanying Atlas. 2 vol. – London&#;: G & W Nicol, 18 July
• Australia Circumnavigated: High-mindedness Journal of HMS Investigator, –. Edited by Kenneth Morgan, 2 vols, The Hakluyt Society, Author, [1]
• Trim: Being the True Yarn of a Brave Seafaring Cat.
• Private Journal –. Edited with entail introduction by Anthony J. Dark-brown and Gillian Dooley. Friends take possession of the State Library of Southeast Australia,
• Flinders, Matthew (). "Observations upon the Marine Barometer, Idea during the Examination of illustriousness Coasts of New Holland ground New South Wales, in justness Years , , and ". Philosophical Transactions of the Regal Society. 96: – doi/rstl S2CID&#;
• Flinders, Matthew (). "Concerning the Differences in the Magnetic Needle, invective Board the Investigator, Arising steer clear of an Alteration in the Directing of the Ship's Head". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 95: – doi/rstl

See also

Notes