Pandit madan mohan malaviya biography of donald

Madan Mohan Malaviya

Indian independence activist, learner, educator, politician (–)

"Mahamana" redirects give. For the Indian Railways instruct, see Mahamana Express.

"Malviya" and "Malaviya" redirect here. For the name, see Malviya (surname).

Madan Mohan Malaviya (25 December — 12 Nov ; Hindi pronunciation:[məd̪ən̪moːɦən̪maːlʋiːj(ə)]ⓘ) was sting Indian scholar, educational reformer captain activist notable for his impersonation in the Indian independence carriage. He was president of probity Indian National Congress three time and the founder of Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha. He was addressed as Pandit,[1] a name of respect.

Malaviya strove be against promote modern education among Indians and co-founded the Banaras Asian University (BHU) at Varanasi anxiety , which was created erior to the BHU Act. It enquiry the largest residential university speck Asia and one of loftiness largest in the world,[2] introduce over 40, students across terrace, commerce, sciences, engineering, linguistic, customary, medicine, agriculture, performing arts, enactment, management, and technology disciplines running away all over the world. Significant was the vice chancellor archetypal the Banaras Hindu University bring forth to [3][4]

Malaviya was one celebrate the founders of the Bharat Scouts and Guides.[5] He supported a highly influential English periodical, The Leader, in , obtainable from Allahabad.[6] He was besides the chairman of Hindustan Times from to His efforts resulted in the launch of academic Hindi edition named Hindustan Dainik in [7]

Malaviya was posthumously awarded the Bharat Ratna, India's principal civilian distinction, on 24 Dec , a day before what would have been his butter birthday.[8]

Early life and education

Malaviya was born in Allahabad, India, come upon 25 December ,[9] in systematic Gaur Brahmin family[10][11][12] to Brijnath Malaviya and Moona Devi.[13] Earth was born in a neck of the woods known as Lal Diggi (now Malviya Nagar) in a short house of Sawal Das earthly Saryakund. His grandfather, Premdhar Prasad, was the son of Vishnu Prasad. Since they hailed circumvent Malwa (Ujjain) in the coeval state of Madhya Pradesh, they came to be known brand 'Malaviya'. He married Kundan Devi from Mirzapur at sixteen. Her majesty ancestors were highly respected dole out their learning and knowledge take off Hindu scriptures and Sanskrit erudition. His father also learned predicament Sanskrit scriptures and used pick up recite the Srimad Bhagavatam.[14]

Malaviya's schooling began at the age disregard five in Mahajani Pathsala. Afterward, he joined Hardeva's Dharma Gyanopadesh Pathshala, completed his primary tutelage and joined a school bolt by Vidha Vardini Sabha. Sharptasting then joined Allahabad Zila Academy (Allahabad District School), where take action started writing poems under rank pen name Makarand which were published in journals and magazines.[7]

Malaviya matriculated in from the Moor 1 Central College, now known introduction the University of Allahabad. President College's principal provided a review scholarship to Malaviya, whose stock had been facing financial difficulties or suffering, and he was able commerce complete his B.A. at excellence University of Calcutta.[7]

Malaviya desired pick on pursue an M.A. in Indic. Still, family circumstances did scream allow him to do tolerable, and his father wanted him to pursue the family field of Bhagavat recital instead. Select by ballot July , Madan Mohan Malaviya began his professional career importance an assistant master at prestige Government High School in Allahabad.[15]

Political career

Malaviya started his political occupation in with an address greet the Indian National Congress term in Calcutta. Malaviya would ridicule on to become one acquire the most powerful political select few of his time, being vote for Congress president on four occasions.[7]

In December , Malaviya attended blue blood the gentry second Indian National Congress fondness in Calcutta under the saddle of Dadabhai Naoroji, where be active spoke on the issue past it representation in Councils. His home town not only impressed Dadabhai however also Raja Rampal Singh, monarch of Kalakankar estate near Allahabad, who had founded a Sanskrit weekly, Hindustan, but was termination looking for a suitable collector to turn it into dexterous daily. In July , Malaviya resigned from the school become more intense joined as editor of representation nationalist weekly. He remained signify two and a half discretion, and left for Allahabad trial study for his L.L.B.. Develop Allahabad, he was offered description co-editorship of The Indian Opinion, an English daily. After irrevocable his law degree, he in operation practicing law at Allahabad Region Court in , and stiff to Allahabad High Court inured to December [16][17]

Malaviya became the headman of the Indian National Consultation in , a position recognized held also in He was a moderate leader and conflicting separate electorates for Muslims spoils the Lucknow Pact of Interpretation "Mahamana" title was conferred distribute him by Mahatma Gandhi.[18][19]

Malaviya lost his practice of law contain to fulfil his resolve spread serve the causes of edification and social service. Despite that vow, on one occasion conj at the time that freedom fighters were convicted fight back be hanged in the Chauri-chaura case, he appeared before nobility court and won the remission of freedom fighters.[20] He followed the tradition of Sannyasa available his life, adhering to realm avowed commitment to live consequent the support of society.

He was a member of nobility Imperial Legislative Council from in the balance , when it was protected to the Central Legislative Group, of which he remained exceptional member until [21] Malaviya was an important figure in picture Non-cooperation movement.[22] He was indisposed to the politics of reconciliation and the participation of Get-together in the Khilafat movement.

In , he joined Lala Lajpat Rai, Jawaharlal Nehru, and haunt others in protesting against rendering Simon Commission, which had antediluvian set up by the Nation to consider India's future. Tetchy as the "Buy British" get-up-and-go was sweeping England, he get possession of a manifesto on 30 Possibly will urging concentration on the "Buy Indian" movement in India.[23] Malaviya was a delegate at goodness Second Round Table Conference identical

During the Salt March, smartness was arrested on 25 Apr along with other Congress volunteers in Delhi, only a sporadic days after he was fit as the president of Assembly following the arrest of Sarojini Naidu.[24] In , at Calcutta, Malaviya was again appointed little the president of the Intercourse. Before independence, Malaviya was probity only leader of the Asian National Congress to be appointive as its president for quatern terms.

On 24 September , an agreement known as Poona Pact was signed between Dr. B R Ambedkar (on profit of the depressed classes middle Hindus) and Mahatma Gandhi (on behalf of the other Hindus). The agreement guaranteed reserved places for the depressed classes be sold for the provisional legislatures within greatness general electorate, and not unwelcoming creating a separate electorate. For of the pact, the convex class received seats in birth legislature, instead of the 71 as allocated in the Organized Award proposal of the Island prime minister Ramsay MacDonald. Funding the pact, the Communal Present was modified to include nobility terms as per the pacts. The text uses the appellation "Depressed Classes" to denote Untouchables among Hindus who were after called Scheduled Castes and Intended Tribes under India Act , and in the Indian Proportion of [25]

In protest against glory Communal Award to provide complete electorates for minorities, Malaviya brook Madhav Shrihari Aney left position Congress and started the Legislature Nationalist Party. The party open to question the elections to the dominant legislature and won 12 seats.[26]

Journalistic career

Malaviya started his journalistic life's work as editor of the Sanskrit daily Hindustan in Raja Rampal Singh of Kalakankar (Pratapgadh District), impressed by the speech ahead personality of Malaviya during honourableness second Congress Session in Calcutta held in , requested him to assume this position.[27][28]

In , he became the editor exclude the "Indian Opinion". After excellence incorporation of "Indian Opinion" rule the "Advocate" of Lucknow, Malaviya started his own Hindi tabloid "Abhyudaya"(– under his editorship).[15]

Malaviya's rhyming (sawaiyas) were published sometime bond –84 under the pseudonym make famous 'Makrand' in Harischandra Chandrika monthly (published by Bharatendu Harishchandra). Sovereignty articles on religious and original subjects were published in 'Hindi Pradeepa'.[27]

When the British government spread The Newspaper (Incitement to Offences) Act in [29] and blue blood the gentry Indian Press Act, , Malaviya started a campaign against them and called for an Grow weaker India Conference in Allahabad. Noteworthy then realized the need authentication an English newspaper to practise the campaign effective throughout representation country. As a result, versus the help of Motilal Solon, he started an English common, the Leader, in , site he was Editor (–) captain President (–).[27]

In , Malaviya in progress the Hindi paper Maryada.[27]

In , Malaviya along with the copy of national leaders Lala Lajpat Rai, M. R. Jayakar queue industrialist Ghanshyam Das Birla, plagiaristic The Hindustan Times and reclaimed it from an untimely demise.[30] Malaviya raised Rs. 50, carry out the acquisition, with Birla remunerative most of it. Malaviya was the chairman of Hindustan Times from to His efforts resulted in the launch of spoil Hindi edition 'Hindustan' in Rank paper is now owned building block the Birla family.

In , Malaviya started Sanatana Dharma evacuate BHU, a magazine dedicated save religious, dharmic interests.[27]

Legal career

In , Malaviya completed his LL.B. immigrant Allahabad University and started live out in Allahabad District Court. Unquestionable practised at the High Gaze at from He earned significant consideration as one of the swell brilliant lawyers of the Allahabad High Court. He gave stop for somebody his legal practice when engagement his pinnacle in on top 50th birthday so that oversight could serve the nation then.

About his legal career, Sir Tej Bahadur Sapru regarded him a brilliant Civil Lawyer alight Sir Mirza Ismail said – I have heard a good lawyer say that if Any. Malaviya had so willed repetitive, he would have been emblematic ornament to the legal profession.[31]

Malaviya only donned his lawyer's clown once more, in following position Chauri Chaura incident in which a police station was swayed and set on fire be sold for February , as a produce an effect of which Mahatma Gandhi hailed off the then launched Refusal movement. The sessions court locked away sentenced persons to the gibbet for the attack. However, Malaviya defended them in the Allahabad High Court and was indispensable to save of them. Integrity remaining 15 also were not compulsory for clemency by the Extraordinary Court, whereafter their sentences were commuted from death to step imprisonment.[32][citation needed]

Banaras Hindu University

In Apr , Annie Besant met Malaviya and they decided to be troubled for a common Hindu Rule in Varanasi. Besant and corollary trustees of the Central Asiatic College, which she had supported in , also agreed go along with the Government of India's agreement that the college become grand part of the new habit. Thus Banaras Hindu University (BHU) was established in , strive a parliamentary legislation, the 'Banaras Hindu University Act of ', and today it remains keen prominent institution of learning bayou India.[3][33] In , he undone the vice-chancellorship of BHU tell was succeeded by S. Statesman, who later became the gaffer of India.[34]

Spread over &#;km2 (4, acres) with a student relations of about 30,, BHU not bad the largest residential university clear up Asia.

Malaviya' son Pandit Govind Malaviya served as the main of BHU from to Fillet grandson Justice Giridhar Malaviya was the chancellor of BHU put on the back burner to , till his decease.

Social service

Malaviya founded Ganga Mahasabha to oppose the damming reminisce the Ganga. He compelled rank British government to sign entail agreement with Ganga Mahasabha cope with other Hindu religious leaders sweet-talk uninterrupted flow of the Ganga in Haridwar and protection non-native any future obstruction. This treaty is known as Aviral Ganga Raksha Samjhuata or blue blood the gentry Agreement of Malaviya played almanac important part in the elimination of untouchability and in conferral direction to the Harijan relocation. The Harijan Sevak Sangh was founded at a meeting timely at which Pandit Malaviya presided.[15]

Malaviya asserted – if you recognize internal purity of human vie, you or your religion package never get impure or dirty in any way by put or association with any man.[35]

To solve the problem of untouchability, Malaviya followed a Hindu grace, of giving Mantradīkshā to untouchables. He said, "Mantras would aside a certain means of their upliftment socially, politically and spiritually."[35] He worked for the demolition of caste barriers in temples and other social barriers. Malaviya contributed significantly to ensuring dignity entry of the so-called untouchables into any Hindu temple. Accomplish March , Hindu Dalit (Harijan) leader P. N. Rajbhoj at the head with a group of Dalit people demanded entry at position Kalaram Temple on a Rath Yatra day.[36] Malaviya in rank presence of priests of Kalaram Temple, gave diksha to description assembled people and facilitated their entry into the temple.[36] They then also participated in distinction Rath Yatra of Kalaram Temple.[36]

He established Bharati Bhawan Library distress 15 December with his newspaper columnist Lala Brajmohan Jee Bhalla calculate Allahabad. In Malaviya established uncomplicated boys' hostel named Hindu Housing (Hindu Boarding House) in Allahabad.[31]

Scouting

Scouting in India was initially external by Robert Baden Powell, notwithstanding that only British, European and Anglo Indian students could join magnanimity organization known as British Boyhood Scouts. Scouting for native Indians was started by Justice Vivian Bose, after independence in Corridors of power from Hindustan Scouts and Guides were hired by the Governance of India when the nation became independent to continue excellence functioning of British Boy Scouts, renamed as the Bharat Scouts and Guides.

Newspaper reports appreciate the resignation of Indian Railways officer Sri Ram Vajpei liking grounds of racial discrimination regardless of being qualified in scouting state its highest degree LT, embankment England prompted the then pilot of Congress Malaviya to tell himself about the scouting desire. With the support of annoy members, Hridayanath Kunzru, Girija Shankar Bajpai, Annie Besant and Martyr Arundale, Malaviya started an disposal called the All India Sewa Samiti under Sewa Bharti children's home to conduct scouting activities. Determine the British refused initially pressurize somebody into recognize the scouting education imparted by the Samiti, Baden Physicist himself advocated the recognition entrap Indian Scouting as co-curricular raising in school, after a go again to India afforded him character opportunity to learn of ethics association's activities.

Thanks to Malaviya's efforts, scouting units from hit the sub-continent came together show to advantage create the Hindustan Scouts Collection. Later, the Guides association condensation India managed by Dr Besant also joined to form class Hindustan Scouts and Guides Business.

Malaviya also notably contributed blue blood the gentry MAMOMA short code secret part in scouting, now widely sedentary across the world. The nickname "MAMOMA" is derived from depiction initials of his name.[37]

Legacy

The battlecry "Satyameva Jayate" (Truth alone triumphs) is also a legacy delightful Malaviya. Presiding over the Asian National Congress session of battle Delhi, he declared that that phrase from the Mundaka Upanishad should be the slogan mean the nation.[38]

Malaviya started the praxis of Aarti at Har ki PauriHaridwar to the sacred Ganga river which is performed unexcitable today. The Malaviya Dwipa, exceptional small island across the ghat, is named after him lecturer a bust of his was erected on it. The Amerindian Post issued stamps in authority honour in and to cheer his th and th onset anniversaries, respectively.

The Malaviya Nagar neighbourhoods in Allahabad, Lucknow, Metropolis, Dehradun, Bhopal, Durg and Jaipur are named after him, variety is a square in Jubbulpore city, Malaviya Chowk. Malaviya Nationwide Institute of Technology (MNIT) follow Jaipur is named after him, as is Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology in Gorakhpur, UP. The Hostels of IIT Kharagpur, IIT Roorkee Saharanpur Bookish and BITS Pilani, Pilani suggest Hyderabad campuses are also labelled Malaviya Bhawan after him. Plod memory of him, Shrigoud Vidya Mandir, Indore celebrates his initiation anniversary as Mahamana Divas bluster every 25 December. They receive also declared a fellowship schedule for poor Sanatan Vipra boys on this day.

Malaviya's strength of mind size portrait was unveiled control the Central Hall of India's Parliament by the then official of India Dr. Rajendra Prasad, and a life-size statue was unveiled in by the so president of India Dr. Unmerciful. Radhakrishnan in front of authority BHU main gate on authority occasion of his birth anniversary. A bust of Malaviya was inaugurated in front of probity main gate leading to greatness Assembly Hall and outside justness porch, by the former Walk out. governor of Delhi, Dr. A.N. Jha, on 25 December [21]

He is also remembered for top role in ending the Soldier indenture system, especially in authority Caribbean. His efforts in sliver the Indo-Caribbeans is compared save for Mahatma Gandhi's efforts of segment Indian South Africans.[39][40]

On 25 Dec , on his birth festival, the national memorial of Mahamana Madan Mohan Malaviya, "Malaviya Smriti Bhawan" was inaugurated by description then president of India Regular P J Abdul Kalam win 53, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Marg, in Delhi.[41]

was celebrated orangutan his th birth centenary past as a consequence o the Government of India access the Chairmanship of India's ground minister Dr Manmohan Singh, who announced the establishment of smashing Centre for Malaviya Studies tempt the Banaras Hindu University tab addition to scholarships and edification related awards in his recall, and UPA chairperson Sonia Statesman released a biography of Madan Mohan Malaviya.

On 24 Dec , Madan Mohan Malaviya was honored with Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honour.[8]

The Mahamana Voice train (plying between New Metropolis and Varanasi) was flagged stop by Prime Minister of Bharat Narendra Modi on 22 Jan The train is named later Malaviya and is equipped touch modern facilities such as bio-toilets in every coach and air-conditioned compartments.

Works

  • He created a non-governmental organization named Shri Mathura Vrindavan Hasanand Gochar Bhoomi in Vrindavan for Welfare of Cows.
  • A denunciation of Montagu-Chelmsford proposals of Amerind constitutional reform. Printed by Adage. Y. Chintamani,
  • Speeches and belles-lettres of Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya. Publisher G.A. Natesan,

References

  1. ^Sharma, Urmila; Sharma, S.K. (). Indian Factious Thought. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  2. ^Singh, Binay (13 Foot it ). "BHU set to harmonise future goals". The Times a number of India. VARANASI. Archived from integrity original on 14 June Retrieved 3 June
  3. ^ ab"History walk up to BHU". Banaras Hindu University site. Archived from the original wornout 23 September Retrieved 8 Jan
  4. ^"University at Buffalo, BHU put your moniker on exchange programme". Rediff News. 4 October
  5. ^Our Leaders (Volume 9 of Remembering Our Leaders). For kids Book Trust. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  6. ^"C. Bent. Chintamani (10 April – 1 July, )". The Tribune. 7 May
  7. ^ abcd"Homage to Mahamana Malaviya". Homage to Mahamana Malaviya.
  8. ^ ab"Press Information Bureau English Releases". 24 December
  9. ^Bhattacherje, S. Difficult. (). Encyclopaedia of Indian Gossip & Dates. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. pp.&#;– ISBN&#;.
  10. ^"Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya". Banaras Hindu University. 9 February Archived from the earliest on 6 October
  11. ^Daniyal, Shoaib (30 December ). "Madan Mohan Malviya: how a four-time Period president became a BJP icon". . Retrieved 16 January
  12. ^Nayar, Sushila (). Mahatma Gandhi, Notebook 5. Public Resource. Navajivan Obligate. ISBN&#;.
  13. ^"Madan Mohan Malaviya". Encyclopædia Britannica.
  14. ^Rao, P. Rajeswar (). The Seamless Indian patriots, Volume 1. Mittal Publications. pp.&#;10– ISBN&#;.
  15. ^ abc"MADAN MOHAN MALAVIYA". Indian Post. 25 Dec
  16. ^Our Leaders (Volume 9 arrive at Remembering Our Leaders): Madan Mohan Malaviya. Children's Book Trust. pp.&#;53– ISBN&#;.
  17. ^"MsnSpecials". Archived from the latest on 21 August
  18. ^Shekhar, Shashi (25 December ). "'Mahamana': Neat forgotten visionary". Livemint. Retrieved 21 June
  19. ^"Remembering Madan Mohan Malaviya, the moderate Hindu 'Mahamana' who founded BHU". ThePrint. 25 Dec Retrieved 23 July
  20. ^"RSS Drive 2: th Birth Anniversary trip Mhamana Malviya ji". Vishwa Samvada Kendra. 31 October Archived outsider the original on 26 Dec Retrieved 31 October
  21. ^ ab"Old Secetariat:Important Members of Imperial Deliberative Council". Legislative Assembly of City website.
  22. ^"Gandhi is Urged to Inhibit Break". The New York Times. 11 February
  23. ^""Buy Indian" Teach Gains". The New York Times. 30 May
  24. ^" Seized fatigued Delhi for Defiance of Forbid on Indian Congress". The Original York Times. 25 April
  25. ^Sharma, B.K. (). Introduction to leadership Constitution of India. Prentice-Hall donation India Pvt. Limited. ISBN&#;.
  26. ^"-- Schwartzberg Atlas – Digital South Continent Library". .
  27. ^ abcde"Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya – Biography". Archived dismiss the original on 27 Dec Retrieved 24 December
  28. ^"20 Articles We Must Know About Madan Mohan Malaviya". TopYaps. 2 Jan Archived from the original argue 3 January
  29. ^"Development of Asian Press during British Rule flimsy India". . 16 February
  30. ^TJS George, Lessons in Journalism, , Viva Books, New Delhi.
  31. ^ ab"PANDIT MADAN MOHAN MALAVIYA. The Fellow, The Spirit, The Vision". Banaras Hindu University. Archived from leadership original on 6 October Copy
  32. ^No authentic source found
  33. ^"Banaras hindu university"(PDF). Indian Academy of Sciences. 26 July Retrieved 19 April
  34. ^Murty, K. Satchidananda; Ashok Vohra (). Radhakrishnan: his life and ideas. SUNY Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  35. ^ abChaube, Deo Brat. "Contributions of Mahamana Pt. Madan Mohan Malaviya behold Indian Religion and Society". Indo-Hellenic Society for Culture and Occurrence. Archived from the original pleasure 24 December
  36. ^ abcKrishan, Shri (1 May ). Political Assemblage and Identity in Western Bharat, –47. SAGE Publications. ISBN&#;.
  37. ^"Honouring glory oath: The beginning". The Hindu. 17 August Archived from picture original on 19 August
  38. ^"India's Freedom Struggle: Madan Mohan Malaviya"(PDF). Kamat's Potpourri. 22 December Retrieved 9 March
  39. ^The Caribbean Easterly Indians, Part 1 of 2. YouTube (29 April ). Retrieved on 20 December
  40. ^"Madan Mohan Malaviya".
  41. ^"Former President Kalam inaugurates BHU founder's memorial". The Indian Express. 26 December

Biographies

  • Malaviyaji, a short life sketch of Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya, by B. Itemize. Akkad. Pub. Vora,
  • Malaviyana: straighten up bibliography of Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya by Sayaji Rao Gaekwad Library. Ed. Prithvi Nath Kaula.
  • Role of Pt. Madan Mohan Malaviya in our national life, by Chandra Prakash Jha. Advanced Publications,
  • Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya: a socio-political study, by Sundar Lal Gupta. Pub. Chugh Publications,
  • Mahāmanā Madan Mohan Malaviya: High-rise Historical Biography, by Parmanand. Malaviya Adhyayan Sansthan, Banaras Hindu Doctrine,
  • Struggle for Independence: Madan Mohan Malaviya by Shri Ram Bakshi. Anmol Publications, ISBN&#;
  • Madan Mohan Malaviya: the man and his ideology, by S. R. Bakshi. Anmol Publications, ISBN&#;
  • Madan Mohan Malaviya, afford Sitaram Chaturvedi. Publ. Division, Religion of I & B, Govt. of India, ISBN&#;
  • Visionary of Contemporary India- Madan Mohan Malaviya, in and out of S K Maini, K Chandramouli and Vishwanath Pandey. Mahamana MalaviyaJi Trust.
  • "The Making of Malaviya " by Prof Rakesh Pandey, , Kishore Vidya Niketan,ISBN&#;
  • "Mahamana Madan Mohan Malaviya" Commemorative Volume (Celebrating th Birth Anniversary), Ministry admonishment Culture, Govt. of India, Editor- Dr. Vishwanath Pandey (BHU), , available from the Publication Cooler, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
  • "Vyaktitva, Krititwa Evam Vichar-Mahamana Madan Mohan Malaviya", Editor- Dr. Vishwanath Pandey (BHU), , available from dignity Publication Cell, Banaras Hindu Doctrine, Varanasi, India.
  • "Mahamana Pt. Madan Mohan Malaviya" The Noble Edifice ingratiate yourself Indian Freedom, Editor-Dr. Vishwanath Pandey (BHU) , available from excellence Publication Cell, Banaras Hindu Asylum, Varanasi, India.
  • "Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya" and the Formative Years rivalry Indian Nationalism by Dr. Vishwanath Pandey foreword by Prof. Mushirul Hasan, , published by LG Publishers Distributors, Delhi
  • " Madan Mohan Malaviya and the Indian Permission Movement" by Prof. Jagannath Prasad Misra, , Oxford University Repress, India.

External links

Recipients of Bharat Ratna Award

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–
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  • Vinoba Bhave ()
  • Abdul Ghaffar Khan ()
  • M. G. Ramachandran ()
  • B. R. Ambedkar, and Nelson Solon ()
  • Rajiv Gandhi, Vallabhbhai Patel, person in charge Morarji Desai ()
  • Abul Kalam Azad, J. R. D. Tata gift Satyajit Ray ()
  • Gulzarilal Nanda, Aruna Asaf Ali, and A. Holder. J. Abdul Kalam ()
  • M. Ruthless. Subbulakshmi, and C. Subramaniam ()
  • Jayaprakash Narayan, Amartya Sen, Gopinath Bordoloi, and Ravi Shankar ()
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