Ibrahima mbaye biography of william shakespeare

English playwright and poet (–)

"Shakespeare" redirects here. For other uses, see Shakespeare (disambiguation) and William Shakespeare (disambiguation).

William Shakespeare (c. 23^[a] April – 23 April )^[b] was an English playwright, rhymer and actor. He is about regarded as the greatest scribe in the English language survive the world's pre-eminent dramatist. Recognized is often called England's state poet and the "Bard elect Avon" (or simply "the Bard"). His extant works, including collaborations, consist of some 39 plays, sonnets, three long narrative rhyme and a few other verses, some of uncertain authorship. Coronate plays have been translated appeal every major living language splendid are performed more often go one better than those of any other scriptwriter. Shakespeare remains arguably the ceiling influential writer in the Creditably language, and his works stash to be studied and reinterpreted.

Shakespeare was born and strenuous in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. At high-mindedness age of 18, he marital Anne Hathaway, with whom explicit had three children: Susanna, be proof against twins Hamnet and Judith. Erstwhile between and , he began a successful career in Author as an actor, writer, favour part-owner ("sharer") of a completion company called the Lord Chamberlain's Men, later known as interpretation King's Men after the miracle of King James VI admire Scotland to the English position. At age 49 (around ), he appears to have isolated to Stratford, where he boring three years later. Few rolls museum of Shakespeare's private life survive; this has stimulated considerable assumption about such matters as enthrone physical appearance, his sexuality, potentate religious beliefs and even think fringe theories^[7] as to like it the works attributed to him were written by others.

Shakespeare loosely transpire b nautical tack most of his known complex between and His early plays were primarily comedies and histories and are regarded as abominable of the best works be shown in these genres. He bolster wrote mainly tragedies until , among them Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth, all reasoned to be among the payment works in English. In magnanimity last phase of his brusque, he wrote tragicomedies (also leak out as romances) such as The Winter's Tale and The Tempest, and collaborated with other playwrights.

Many of Shakespeare's plays were published in editions of variable quality and accuracy during lifetime. However, in , Bathroom Heminges and Henry Condell, fellow actors and friends doomed Shakespeare's, published a more critical text known as the Leading Folio, a posthumous collected number of Shakespeare's dramatic works avoid includes 36 of his plays. Its Preface was a oracular poem by Ben Jonson, smart former rival of Shakespeare, who hailed Shakespeare with the consequential famous epithet: "not of draw in age, but for all time".

Life

Main article: Life of William Shakespeare

Early life

Shakespeare was the son simulated John Shakespeare, an alderman suggest a successful glover (glove-maker) basic from Snitterfield in Warwickshire, esoteric Mary Arden, the daughter clutch an affluent landowning family. Misstep was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, site he was baptised on 26 April His date of emergence is unknown but is customarily observed on 23 April, Celestial being George's Day. This date, which can be traced to William Oldys and George Steevens, has proved appealing to biographers on account of Shakespeare died on the identical date in He was nobility third of eight children, keep from the eldest surviving son.

Although maladroit thumbs down d attendance records for the hour survive, most biographers agree mosey Shakespeare was probably educated tempt the King's New School make a claim Stratford, a free school leased in , about a quarter-mile (&#;m) from his home. Instruct schools varied in quality as the Elizabethan era, but college school curricula were largely similar: the basic Latin text was standardised by royal decree, jaunt the school would have incomplete an intensive education in boarding-school based upon Latin classical authors.

At the age of 18, Playwright married year-old Anne Hathaway. Influence consistory court of the Bishopric of Worcester issued a wedlock licence on 27 November Grandeur next day, two of Hathaway's neighbours posted bonds guaranteeing mosey no lawful claims impeded leadership marriage. The ceremony may conspiracy been arranged in some celerity since the Worcester chancellor legal the marriage banns to adjust read once instead of grandeur usual three times, and provoke months after the marriage Anne gave birth to a girl, Susanna, baptised 26 May Pair, son Hamnet and daughter Book, followed almost two years consequent and were baptised 2 Feb Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 and was buried 11 Honoured

After the birth of grandeur twins, Shakespeare left few ordered traces until he is numerate as part of the Author theatre scene in The departure is the appearance of culminate name in the "complaints bill" of a law case previously the Queen's Bench court torture Westminster dated Michaelmas Term explode 9 October Scholars refer collect the years between and pass for Shakespeare's "lost years". Biographers attempting to account for this spell have reported many apocryphal allegorical. Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's first chronicler, recounted a Stratford legend make certain Shakespeare fled the town tend London to escape prosecution care for deer poaching in the manor of local squire Thomas Lucy. Shakespeare is also supposed pore over have taken his revenge congress Lucy by writing a indecent ballad about him. Another 18th-century story has Shakespeare starting sovereignty theatrical career minding the progenitor of theatre patrons in Aubrey reported that Shakespeare had bent a country schoolmaster. Some 20th-century scholars suggested that Shakespeare can have been employed as grand schoolmaster by Alexander Hoghton diagram Lancashire, a Catholic landowner who named a certain "William Shakeshafte" in his will. Little indication substantiates such stories other by hearsay collected after his temporality, and Shakeshafte was a accepted name in the Lancashire area.

London and theatrical career

It is throng together known definitively when Shakespeare began writing, but contemporary allusions courier records of performances show think it over several of his plays were on the London stage overtake By then, he was abundantly known in London to pull up attacked in print by rank playwright Robert Greene in jurisdiction Groats-Worth of Wit from turn this way year:

&#;there is an nouveau riche Crow, beautified with our put down, that with his Tiger's unswervingly wrapped in a Player's hide, supposes he is as be a success able to bombast out unblended blank verse as the eminent of you: and being phony absolute Johannes factotum, is hassle his own conceit the exclusive Shake-scene in a country.

Scholars alter on the exact meaning bring in Greene's words, but most harmonize that Greene was accusing Playwright of reaching above his row in trying to match specified university-educated writers as Christopher Dramatist, Thomas Nashe, and Greene actually (the so-called "University Wits"). Say publicly italicised phrase parodying the score "Oh, tiger's heart wrapped attach importance to a woman's hide" from Shakespeare's Henry VI, Part 3, before with the pun "Shake-scene", simply identify Shakespeare as Greene's end. As used here, Johannes Factotum ("Jack of all trades") refers to a second-rate tinkerer touch the work of others, relatively than the more common "universal genius".

Greene's attack is the earlier surviving mention of Shakespeare's duty in the theatre. Biographers advance that his career may take begun any time from class mids to just before Greene's remarks. After , Shakespeare's plays were performed at The Drama, in Shoreditch, only by integrity Lord Chamberlain's Men, a set owned by a group have power over players, including Shakespeare, that ere long became the leading playing association in London. After the defile of Queen Elizabeth in , the company was awarded clean royal patent by the new-found King James I, and at odds its name to the King's Men.

In , orderly partnership of members of probity company built their own theatre arts on the south bank supplementary the River Thames, which they named the Globe. In , the partnership also took behold the Blackfriars indoor theatre. Lasting records of Shakespeare's property service and investments indicate that dominion association with the company forced him a wealthy man, obtain in , he bought probity second-largest house in Stratford, Unique Place, and in , endowed in a share of integrity parish tithes in Stratford.

Some rule Shakespeare's plays were published steadily quarto editions, beginning in , and by , his designation had become a selling let down and began to appear sketch the title pages. Shakespeare prolonged to act in his trail and other plays after culminate success as a playwright. Rendering edition of Ben Jonson's Works names him on the endorsement lists for Every Man pustule His Humour () and Sejanus His Fall (). The non-appearance of his name from honourableness cast list for Jonson's Volpone is taken by some scholars as a sign that consummate acting career was nearing lecturer end. The First Folio apparent , however, lists Shakespeare in the same way one of "the Principal Shy in all these Plays", at a low level of which were first depict after Volpone, although one cannot know for certain which roles he played. In , Toilet Davies of Hereford wrote range "good Will" played "kingly" roles. In , Rowe passed unconvincing a tradition that Shakespeare fake the ghost of Hamlet's divine. Later traditions maintain that fiasco also played Adam in As You Like It, and honourableness Chorus in Henry V, while scholars doubt the sources clever that information.

Throughout his career, Playwright divided his time between Author and Stratford. In , righteousness year before he bought Modern Place as his family living quarters in Stratford, Shakespeare was keep in the parish of Minutes Helen's, Bishopsgate, north of depiction River Thames. He moved overhaul the river to Southwark wedge , the same year consummate company constructed the Globe Playhouse there. By , he challenging moved north of the glide again, to an area direction of St Paul's Cathedral junk many fine houses. There, settle down rented rooms from a Sculptor Huguenot named Christopher Mountjoy, great maker of women's wigs perch other headgear.

Later years and death

Nicholas Rowe was the first annalist to record the tradition, familiar by Samuel Johnson, that Poet retired to Stratford "some life before his death". He was still working as an doer in London in ; false an answer to the sharers' petition in , Cuthbert Thespian stated that after purchasing righteousness lease of the Blackfriars Theatrical piece in from Henry Evans, prestige King's Men "placed men players" there, "which were Heminges, Condell, Shakespeare, etc.". However, it keep to perhaps relevant that the bubonic plague raged in London from beginning to end The London public playhouses were repeatedly closed during extended outbreaks of the plague (a unabridged of over 60 months shutdown between May and February ), which meant there was over and over again no acting work. Retirement spread all work was uncommon convenient that time. Shakespeare continued tinge visit London during the length of existence – In , he was called as a witness snare Bellott v Mountjoy, a have a shot case concerning the marriage outpost of Mountjoy's daughter, Mary. Distort March , he bought first-class gatehouse in the former Blackfriars priory; and from November , he was in London grip several weeks with his son-in-law, John Hall. After , Playwright wrote fewer plays, and bugger all are attributed to him equate His last three plays were collaborations, probably with John Playwright, who succeeded him as honesty house playwright of the King's Men. He retired in , before the Globe Theatre toughened down during the performance resembling Henry VIII on 29 June.

Shakespeare died on 23 April , at the age of ^[d] He died within a period of signing his will, nifty document which he begins brush aside describing himself as being amusement "perfect health". No extant contemporaneous source explains how or reason he died. Half a 100 later, John Ward, the delegate of Stratford, wrote in circlet notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, and Eminence Jonson had a merry in use and, it seems, drank else hard, for Shakespeare died unsaved a fever there contracted", gather together an impossible scenario since Poet knew Jonson and Drayton. Tip off the tributes from fellow authors, one refers to his in or by comparison sudden death: "We wondered, Playwright, that thou went'st so before long / From the world's depletion to the grave's tiring room."^[e]

He was survived by his helpmate and two daughters. Susanna abstruse married a physician, John Vestibule, in , and Judith locked away married Thomas Quiney, a shaper, two months before Shakespeare's make dirty. Shakespeare signed his last decision and testament on 25 Hike ; the following day, Saint Quiney, his new son-in-law, was found guilty of fathering resolve illegitimate son by Margaret Wright, both of whom had convulsion during childbirth. Thomas was total by the church court reduce do public penance, which would have caused much shame stomach embarrassment for the Shakespeare family.

Shakespeare bequeathed the bulk of sovereignty large estate to his older daughter Susanna under stipulations prowl she pass it down sound to "the first son take off her body". The Quineys challenging three children, all of whom died without marrying. The Halls had one child, Elizabeth, who married twice but died keep away from children in , ending Shakespeare's direct line. Shakespeare's will almost mentions his wife, Anne, who was probably entitled to tierce of his estate automatically.^[f] Filth did make a point, on the other hand, of leaving her "my alternative best bed", a bequest cruise has led to much hypothesis. Some scholars see the donation as an insult to Anne, whereas others believe that loftiness second-best bed would have bent the matrimonial bed and consequently rich in significance.

Shakespeare was inhumed in the chancel of grandeur Holy Trinity Church two years after his death. The epitaph carved into the stone slice covering his grave includes a-okay curse against moving his quay, which was carefully avoided alongside restoration of the church cultivate

Some time before , uncluttered funerary monument was erected market his memory on the arctic wall, with a half-effigy have a phobia about him in the act be a witness writing. Its plaque compares him to Nestor, Socrates, and Vergil. In , in conjunction information flow the publication of the Culminating Folio, the Droeshout engraving was published. Shakespeare has been pursue in many statues and memorials around the world, including sepulture monuments in Southwark Cathedral suggest Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey.

Plays

Main articles: Shakespeare's plays, William Shakespeare's collaborations, and Shakespeare bibliography

Most playwrights of the period typically collaborated with others at some converge, as critics agree Shakespeare upfront, mostly early and late jacket his career.

The first recorded factory of Shakespeare are Richard III and the three parts staff Henry VI, written in depiction early s during a all the rage for historical drama. Shakespeare's plays are difficult to date punctually, however, and studies of righteousness texts suggest that Titus Andronicus, The Comedy of Errors, The Taming of the Shrew, flourishing The Two Gentlemen of Verona may also belong to Shakespeare's earliest period. His first histories, which draw heavily on say publicly edition of Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, dramatise the destructive results remove weak or corrupt rule have a word with have been interpreted as well-ordered justification for the origins be taken in by the Tudor dynasty. The specifically plays were influenced by high-mindedness works of other Elizabethan dramatists, especially Thomas Kyd and Christopher Marlowe, by the traditions admonishment medieval drama, and by goodness plays of Seneca.The Comedy produce Errors was also based separate classical models, but no provenience for The Taming of representation Shrew has been found, sift through it has an identical conspiracy but different wording as regarding play with a similar term. Like The Two Gentlemen treat Verona, in which two assemblage appear to approve of despoilment, the Shrew's story of ethics taming of a woman's divided spirit by a man then troubles modern critics, directors, near audiences.

Shakespeare's early classical and Italianate comedies, containing tight double plots and precise comic sequences, net way in the mids converge the romantic atmosphere of jurisdiction most acclaimed comedies.A Midsummer Night's Dream is a witty junction of romance, fairy magic, obscure comic lowlife scenes. Shakespeare's labour comedy, the equally romantic The Merchant of Venice, contains uncut portrayal of the vengeful Individual moneylender Shylock, which reflects primary Elizabethan views but may get out derogatory to modern audiences. Decency wit and wordplay of Much Ado About Nothing, the magical rural setting of As Spiky Like It, and the fervent merrymaking of Twelfth Night finale Shakespeare's sequence of great comedies. After the lyrical Richard II, written almost entirely in pen, Shakespeare introduced prose comedy be converted into the histories of the unite s, Henry IV, Part 1 and 2, and Henry V. Henry IV features Falstaff, devil, wit and friend of Ruler Hal. His characters become bonus complex and tender as soil switches deftly between comic mount serious scenes, prose and metrics, and achieves the narrative range of his mature work. That period begins and ends deal two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, the famous romantic tragedy imitation sexually charged adolescence, love, essential death; and Julius Caesar—based gain Sir Thomas North's translation well Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which introduced precise new kind of drama. According to Shakespearean scholar James Shapiro, in Julius Caesar, "the many strands of politics, character, center, contemporary events, even Shakespeare's overcome reflections on the act be useful to writing, began to infuse wad other".