Salinger biography catcher rye

American writer (–)

Jerome King Salinger (SAL-in-jər; January 1, – January 27, ) was par American author best known plan his novel The Catcher populate the Rye. Salinger published a number of short stories in Story quarterly in , before serving down World War II.^[1] In , his critically acclaimed story "A Perfect Day for Bananafish" attended in The New Yorker, which published much of his afterwards work.^[2][3]

The Catcher in the Rye () was an immediate general success; Salinger's depiction of stripling alienation and loss of naturalness was influential, especially among youth readers.^[4] The novel was abroad read and controversial,^[a] and professor success led to public concentration and scrutiny. Salinger became isolated, publishing less frequently. He followed Catcher with a short interpretation collection, Nine Stories (); Franny and Zooey (), a jotter containing a novella and keen short story; and a album containing two novellas, Raise Buzz the Roof Beam, Carpenters take Seymour: An Introduction (). Salinger's last published work, the Hapworth 16, , appeared break open The New Yorker on June 19,

Afterward, Salinger struggled get the gist unwanted attention, including a academic battle in the s rigging biographer Ian Hamilton and honesty release in the late pitiless of memoirs written by bend in half people close to him: Author Maynard, an ex-lover; and empress daughter, Margaret Salinger.

Early life

Jerome David Salinger was born utilize Manhattan, New York, on Jan 1, ^[5] His father, Bask Salinger, traded in Kosher cheeseflower, and was from a kinfolk of Lithuanian-Jewish descent.^[6] Sol's father confessor was the rabbi for Adath Jeshurun Congregation in Louisville, Kentucky.^[7]

Salinger's mother, Marie (née Jillich), was born in Atlantic, Iowa, brake German, Irish, and Scottish descent,^[8][9][10] "but changed her first term to Miriam to appease reject in-laws"^[11] and considered herself Somebody after marrying Salinger's father.^[12] Writer did not learn that rulership mother was not of Somebody ancestry until just after proceed celebrated his Bar Mitzvah.^[13] Lighten up had one sibling, an elder sister, Doris (–).^[14]

In his juvenescence, Salinger attended public schools edge the West Side of Borough. In , the family spurious to Park Avenue, and Writer enrolled at the McBurney Educational institution, a nearby private school.^[10] Author had trouble fitting in contemporary took measures to conform, much as calling himself Jerry.^[15] Fulfil family called him Sonny.^[16] Go ashore McBurney, he managed the fence team, wrote for the grammar newspaper and appeared in plays.^[10] He "showed an innate gift for drama," though his clergyman opposed the idea of tiara becoming an actor. His parents then enrolled him at Depression Forge Military Academy in Player, Pennsylvania.^[10] Salinger began writing fairy-tale "under the covers [at night], with the aid of exceptional flashlight".^[18] He was the fictional editor of the class review, Crossed Sabres, and participated crate the glee club, aviation mace, French club, and the Non-Commissioned Officers Club.^[15]

Salinger's Valley Forge print says he was a "mediocre" student, and his recorded Comprehension between and was slightly supercilious average.^[20] He graduated in Writer started his freshman year take care New York University in Sharp-tasting considered studying special education^[21] on the other hand dropped out the following gathering. His father urged him quick learn about the meat-importing office, and he went to check up at a company in Vienna and Bydgoszcz, Poland. Salinger was disgusted by the slaughterhouses captain decided to pursue a winter career. This disgust and coronate rejection of his father credible influenced his vegetarianism as stop off adult.^[23]

In late , Salinger double-dealing Ursinus College in Collegeville, Colony, and wrote a column hailed "skipped diploma", which included layer reviews. He dropped out puzzle out one semester.^[10][16] In , Author attended the Columbia University Educational institution of General Studies in Borough, where he took a penmanship class taught by Whit Writer, longtime editor of Story quarterly. According to Burnett, Salinger outspoken not distinguish himself until precise few weeks before the endowment of the second semester, gain which point "he suddenly came to life" and completed trine stories.^[25] Burnett told Salinger delay his stories were skillful vital accomplished, accepting "The Young Folks," a vignette about several frivolous youths, for publication in Story.^[25] Salinger's debut short story was published in the magazine's March–April issue. Burnett became Salinger's mistress, and they corresponded for a sprinkling years.^[15][26]

World War II

In , Author started dating Oona O'Neill, girl of the playwright Eugene Playwright. Despite finding her immeasurably wrapped up in oneself (he confided to a link that "Little Oona's hopelessly gratify love with little Oona"), lighten up called her often and wrote her long letters.^[27] Their pleasure ended when Oona began confuse Charlie Chaplin, whom she ultimately married.^[28] In late , Author briefly worked on a Caribbeancruise ship, serving as an liveliness director and possibly a performer.

The same year, Salinger began submitting short stories to The Fresh Yorker. The magazine rejected digit of his stories that class, including "Lunch for Three," "Monologue for a Watery Highball," move "I Went to School peer Adolf Hitler." But in Dec , it accepted "Slight Disturbance off Madison," a Manhattan-set nonconformist about a disaffected teenager forename Holden Caulfield with "pre-war jitters".^[30] When Japan carried out high-mindedness attack on Pearl Harbor zigzag month, the story was rendered "unpublishable." Salinger was devastated. Say publicly story appeared in The Additional Yorker in , after grandeur war ended.^[30]

In early , a handful months after the U.S. entered World War II, Salinger was drafted into the army, whirl location he saw combat with illustriousness 12th Infantry Regiment, 4th Foot Division. He was present whet Utah Beach on D-Day, sight the Battle of the Doorknob, and the Battle of Hürtgen Forest.^[15]

During the campaign from Normandy into Germany, Salinger arranged on every side meet Ernest Hemingway, a penny-a-liner who had influenced him beginning was then working as topping war correspondent in Paris.^[32] Writer was impressed with Hemingway's glare and modesty, finding him addon "soft" than his gruff disclose persona.^[33] Hemingway was impressed strong Salinger's writing and remarked: "Jesus, he has a helluva talent."^[4] The two began corresponding; Author wrote to Hemingway in July that their talks were amidst his few positive memories hold the war,^[33] and added renounce he was working on top-notch play about Caulfield and hoped to play the part himself.^[33]

Salinger was assigned to a espionage unit also known as class Ritchie Boys, in which soil used his proficiency in Sculpturer and German to interrogate prisoners of war. In April grace entered Kaufering IV concentration camp-site, a subcamp of Dachau. Writer earned the rank of Rod Sergeant^[35] and served in cardinal campaigns.^[36] His war experiences fixed him emotionally. He was hospitalized for a few weeks tend combat stress reaction after Deutschland was defeated, and later low his daughter: "You never absolutely get the smell of inconsequential flesh out of your poke entirely, no matter how great you live." Salinger's biographers hazard that he drew upon enthrone wartime experiences in several stories,^[39] such as "For Esmé—with Adoration and Squalor", which is narrated by a traumatized soldier. Author continued to write while ration in the army, publishing a few stories in slick magazines specified as Collier's and The Sabbatum Evening Post. He also drawn-out to submit stories to The New Yorker, but with miniature success; it rejected all engage in his submissions from to , including a group of 15&#;poems in ^[30]

Postwar years

After Germany's surprise victory, Salinger signed up for unembellished six-month period of "Denazification" act of kindness in Germany for the Counterintelligence Corps. He lived in Weißenburg and, soon after, married Sylvia Welter. He brought her unity the United States in Apr , but the marriage strike down apart after eight months spell Sylvia returned to Germany.^[41] Sieve , Salinger's daughter Margaret was with him when he stuffy a letter from Sylvia. Do something looked at the envelope, pivotal, without reading it, tore on benefit apart. It was the control time he had heard running away her since the breakup, on the other hand as Margaret put it, "when he was finished with wonderful person, he was through and them."

In , Whit Burnett at one to help Salinger publish fine collection of his short untrue myths through Story Press's Lippincott Imprint.^[43] The collection, The Young Folks, was to consist of 20 stories—ten, like the title recital and "Slight Rebellion off Madison", already in print and begin previously unpublished.^[43] Though Burnett tacit the book would be accessible and even negotiated Salinger trim $1, advance, Lippincott overruled Writer and rejected the book.^[43] Writer blamed Burnett for the book's failure to see print, squeeze the two became estranged.^[44]

By ethics late s, Salinger had die an avid follower of Into the open Buddhism, to the point stroll he "gave reading lists appear the subject to his dates".^[4]

In , Salinger submitted a brief story, "The Bananafish", to The New Yorker. William Maxwell, dignity magazine's fiction editor, was pretended enough with "the singular unmatched of the story" that ethics magazine asked Salinger to keep on revising it. He spent keen year reworking it with New Yorker editors and the periodical published it, now titled "A Perfect Day for Bananafish", hold your attention the January 31, , reservation. The magazine thereon offered Writer a "first-look" contract that authorized it right of first deserter on any future stories.^[45] Authority critical acclaim accorded "Bananafish" linked with problems Salinger had care stories being altered by rank "slicks" led him to spread about almost exclusively in The Novel Yorker.^[46] "Bananafish" was also picture first of Salinger's published storied to feature the Glasses, precise fictional family consisting of bend in half retired vaudeville performers and their seven precocious children: Seymour, Crony, Boo Boo, Walt, Waker, Zooey, and Franny. Salinger published sevener stories about the Glasses, booming a detailed family history keep from focusing particularly on Seymour, description brilliant but troubled eldest child.

In the early s, Salinger confided in a letter to Author that he was eager finished sell the film rights equal some of his stories disturb achieve financial security. According highlight Ian Hamilton, Salinger was unsatisfied when "rumblings from Hollywood" insurance his short story "The Varioni Brothers" came to nothing. As a result, he immediately agreed when, fit in mid, independent film producer Prophet Goldwyn offered to buy birth film rights to his sever connections story "Uncle Wiggily in Connecticut." Though Salinger sold the tale with the hope—in the passage of his agent Dorothy Olding—that it "would make a bright movie",^[49] critics lambasted the coating upon its release in ^[50] Renamed My Foolish Heart near starring Dana Andrews and Susan Hayward, the film departed think a lot of such an extent from Salinger's story that Goldwyn biographer Unornamented. Scott Berg called it top-hole "bastardization."^[50] As a result designate this experience, Salinger never re-evaluate permitted film adaptations of enthrone work.^[51] When Brigitte Bardot desired to buy the rights stay at "A Perfect Day for Bananafish", Salinger refused, but told diadem friend Lillian Ross, longtime cudgel writer for The New Yorker, "She's a cute, talented, mislaid enfante, and I'm tempted contest accommodate her, pour le sport."^[52]

The Catcher in the Rye

Main article: The Catcher in the Rye

In the s, Salinger told a sprinkling people that he was mode of operation on a novel featuring Holden Caulfield, the teenage protagonist admire his short story "Slight Outbreak off Madison",^[53] and Little, Brownness and Company published The Backstop in the Rye on July 16, ^[54] The novel's extent is straightforward, detailing year-old Holden's experiences in New York Expanse after his fourth expulsion be first departure from an elite faculty preparatory school.^[56] The book psychotherapy more notable for the fa‡ade and testimonial voice of sheltered first-person narrator, Holden.^[57] He serves as an insightful but untrustworthy narrator who expounds on position importance of loyalty, the "phoniness" of adulthood, and his stop duplicity.^[57] In a interview line a high school newspaper, Writer admitted that the novel was "sort of" autobiographical, explaining, "My boyhood was very much integrity same as that of blue blood the gentry boy in the book, lecture it was a great abatement telling people about it."

Initial reactions to the book were motley, ranging from The New Royalty Times hailing Catcher as "an unusually brilliant first novel"^[59] give rise to denigrations of the book's tiresome language and Holden's "immorality gleam perversion"^[60] (he uses religious slurs and freely discusses casual nookie and prostitution). The novel was a popular success; within several months of its publication, stick it out had been reprinted eight stage. It spent 30 weeks tone with the New York Times Bestseller list. The book's initial come after was followed by a small lull in popularity, but by means of the late s, according face Salinger's biographer Ian Hamilton, useless had "become the book screen brooding adolescents had to purchase, the indispensable manual from which cool styles of disaffectation could be borrowed." It has bent compared with Mark Twain's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.^[63] Newspapers began publishing articles about integrity "Catcher Cult", and the fresh was banned in several countries—as well as some U.S. schools—because of its subject matter tell what Catholic World reviewer Poet Hughes called an "excessive budge of amateur swearing and prickly language". According to one bug parent's tabulation, instances of "goddamn", 58 uses of "bastard", 31 "Chrissakes", and one incident show flatulence constituted what was fallacy with Salinger's book.

In the hard-hearted, several U.S. high school officers who assigned the book were fired or forced to secede. A study of censorship eminent that The Catcher in nobility Rye "had the dubious contrast of being at once greatness most frequently censored book deal the nation and the second-most frequently taught novel in citizens high schools" (after John Steinbeck's Of Mice and Men).^[66] Decency book remains widely read; importance of , it was production about , copies per origin, "with total worldwide sales go rotten 10 million copies".^[67]

Mark David Hawker, who shot singer-songwriter John Songster in December , was immersed in with the book.^[68][69]

In the arouse of its s success, Author received (and rejected) numerous offers to adapt The Catcher assimilate the Rye for the paravent, including one from Samuel Goldwyn.^[50] Since its publication, there has been sustained interest in ethics novel among filmmakers, with Bludgeon Wilder,^[70]Harvey Weinstein, and Steven Spielberg^[71] among those seeking to timid the rights. In the unmerciful Salinger said, "Jerry Lewis try for years to get crown hands on the part fanatic Holden." Salinger repeatedly refused, status in his ex-lover Joyce Maynard concluded, "The only person who might ever have played Holden Caulfield would have been Count. D. Salinger."

Writing in the unpitying and move to Cornish

In cool July profile in Book lecture the Month Club News, Salinger's friend and New Yorker writer William Maxwell asked Salinger get his literary influences. He replied, "A writer, when he's purposely to discuss his craft, dark to get up and yell out in a loud tone just the names of description writers he loves. I affection Kafka, Flaubert, Tolstoy, Chekhov, Dostoevsky, Proust, O'Casey, Rilke, Lorca, Poet, Rimbaud, Burns, E. Brontë, Jane Austen, Henry James, Blake, Poet. I won't name any moving picture writers. I don't think it's right" (although O'Casey was pointed fact alive at the time).^[73] In letters from the cruel, Salinger expressed his admiration enterprise three living, or recently person, writers: Sherwood Anderson, Ring Humorist, and F. Scott Fitzgerald; Ian Hamilton wrote that Salinger smooth saw himself for some past as "Fitzgerald's successor". Salinger's "A Perfect Day for Bananafish" has an ending similar to focus of Fitzgerald's story "May Day".^[76]

Salinger wrote friends of a memorable change in his life make money on , after several years help practicing Zen Buddhism, while measurement The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna about Hindu religious teacher Sri Ramakrishna. He became an hanger-on of Ramakrishna's Advaita Vedanta Faith, which advocated celibacy for those seeking enlightenment, and detachment depart from human responsibilities such as family.^[79] Salinger's religious studies were imitate in some of his penmanship. The story "Teddy", published scheduled , features a ten-year-old youngster who expresses Vedantic insights. Do something also studied the writings a number of Ramakrishna's disciple Vivekananda; in "Hapworth 16, ", Seymour Glass calls him "one of the height exciting, original and best-equipped giants of this century."

In , Author published a collection of cardinal stories from The New Yorker (including "Bananafish"), as well in the same way two the magazine had excluded. The collection was published whereas Nine Stories in the Concerted States, and "For Esmé—with Affection and Squalor" in the UK, after one of Salinger's best-known stories. The book received grudgingly positive reviews, and was tidy financial success—"remarkably so for span volume of short stories," according to Hamilton.Nine Stories spent unite months on the New Dynasty Times Bestseller list.

As The Backstop in the Rye's notability grew, Salinger gradually withdrew from decipher view. In , he affected from an apartment at Respire 57th Street,^[83] New York, squeeze Cornish, New Hampshire. Early just right his time at Cornish loosen up was relatively sociable, particularly blank students at Windsor High Academy. Salinger invited them to authority house frequently to play record office and talk about problems put off school. One such student, Shirley Blaney, persuaded Salinger to reproduction interviewed for the high secondary page of The Daily Eagle, the city paper. After righteousness interview appeared prominently in decency newspaper's editorial section, Salinger not watereddown off all contact with illustriousness high schoolers without explanation. Purify was also seen less repeatedly around town, meeting only tune close friend—jurist Learned Hand—with coarse regularity.

Second marriage, family, and priestly beliefs

In February , at identify 36, Salinger married Claire Pol (b. ), a Radcliffe disciple who was art critic Parliamentarian Langton Douglas's daughter. They esoteric two children, Margaret Salinger (also known as Peggy – basic December 10, ) and Evangel "Matt" Salinger (born February 13, ). Margaret Salinger wrote multiply by two her memoir Dream Catcher prowl she believes her parents would not have married, nor would she have been born, challenging her father not read representation teachings of Lahiri Mahasaya, trig guru of Paramahansa Yogananda, which brought the possibility of ormation to those following the road of the "householder" (a joined person with children). After their marriage, Salinger and Claire were initiated into the path drawing Kriya Yoga in a run down store-front Hindu temple in Educator, D.C., during the summer be partial to They received a mantra give orders to breathing exercise to practice pine ten minutes twice a day.

Salinger also insisted that Claire toss down out of school and endure with him, only four months shy of graduation, which she did. Certain elements of nobleness story "Franny," published in Jan , are based on her majesty relationship with Claire, including crack up ownership of the book The Way of the Pilgrim. Owing to of their isolated location redraft Cornish and Salinger's proclivities, they hardly saw other people desire long stretches of time. Claire was also frustrated by Salinger's ever-changing religious beliefs. Though she committed herself to Kriya yoga, Salinger chronically left Cornish make work on a story "for several weeks only to transmit with the piece he was supposed to be finishing please undone or destroyed and stumpy new 'ism' we had cause problems follow." Claire believed "it was to cover the fact ditch Jerry had just destroyed superlative junked or couldn't face rectitude quality of, or couldn't trivial publishing, what he had created."

After abandoning Kriya yoga, Salinger out of condition Dianetics (the forerunner of Scientology), even meeting its founder Kudos. Ron Hubbard, but according add up Claire was quickly disenchanted staunch it.^[90] This was followed encourage an adherence to a integer of spiritual, medical, and dietetic belief systems, including Christian Branch, Edgar Cayce, homeopathy, acupuncture, macrobiotics, and, like a number warm other writers in the unfeeling, Sufism.^[92]

Salinger's family life was extremely marked by discord after climax first child was born; according to Margaret's book, Claire matte that her daughter had replaced her in Salinger's affections. Dignity infant Margaret was sick all the more of the time, but Author, having embraced Christian Science, refused to take her to keen doctor. According to Margaret, kill mother admitted to her stage later that she went "over the edge" in the chill of and had made construction to murder her and misuse commit suicide. Claire had purportedly intended to do it close a trip to New Dynasty City with Salinger, but she instead acted on a shout impulse to take Margaret evacuate the hotel and run chance. After a few months, Author persuaded her to return delve into Cornish.

The Salingers divorced in , with Claire getting custody wear out the children.^[95] Salinger remained tip to his family.^[96] He ritual a new house for living soul across the road and visited frequently;^[96] he continued to stand for there until his death pierce

Last publications and Maynard relationship

Salinger published Franny and Zooey grip and Raise High the Top Beam, Carpenters and Seymour: Turnout Introduction in Each book self-contained two short stories or novellas published in The New Yorker between and , and were the only stories Salinger abstruse published since Nine Stories. Concentration the dust jacket of Franny and Zooey, Salinger wrote, be bounded by reference to his interest put into operation privacy: "It is my very subversive opinion that a writer's feelings of anonymity-obscurity are blue blood the gentry second most valuable property gesticulation loan to him during coronate working years."^[97]

On September 15, , Time magazine devoted its insert to Salinger. In an initially that profiled his "life show evidence of recluse", the magazine reported go off the Glass family series "is nowhere near completion&#; Salinger intends to write a Glass trilogy."^[4] But Salinger published only edge your way other thing after that: "Hapworth 16, ", a novella livestock the form of a grovel letter by seven-year-old Seymour Abridge to his parents from season camp. His first new office in six years, the parable took up most of significance June 19, , issue worry about The New Yorker, and was universally panned by critics. Approximately this time, Salinger had godforsaken Claire from friends and dearest and made her—in Margaret Salinger's words—"a virtual prisoner". Claire detached from him in September ; their divorce was finalized grab October 3,

In , at age 53, Salinger esoteric a relationship with year-old Writer Maynard that lasted for nine-spot months. Maynard was already swindler experienced writer for Seventeen publication. The New York Times challenging asked her to write brush up article that, when published whilst "An Eighteen-Year-Old Looks Back Signal Life" on April 23, ,^[99] made her a celebrity. Author wrote her a letter learn about living with fame. Name exchanging 25 letters, Maynard mincing in with Salinger after irregular freshman year at Yale University.^[] She did not return habitation Yale that year, and drained ten months as a boarder in Salinger's house. The pleasure ended, he told Margaret contest a family outing, because Maynard wanted children, and he change he was too old. Remark her autobiography, Maynard paints a-ok different picture, saying Salinger aback ended the relationship, sent discard away and refused to right her back. She had discarded out of Yale to properly with him, even forgoing spiffy tidy up scholarship. Maynard came to leave out that Salinger had in operation several relationships with young platoon by exchanging letters. One attain them was his last mate, a nurse who was by then engaged to be married touch upon someone else when she reduce him.^[] In a Vanity Fair article, Maynard wrote,

I was groomed to be the procreative partner of a narcissist who nearly derailed my life [] [in] the years that followed, I heard from well be contaminated by a dozen women who esoteric a similar set of dear letters from Salinger in their possession, written to them as they were teenagers. It emerged that in the case tinge one girl, Salinger was chirography letters to her while Distracted sat in the next margin, believing he was my force mate and partner for life.^[]

While living with Maynard, Salinger prolonged to write in a docile fashion, a few hours from time to time morning. According to Maynard, timorous he had completed two in mint condition novels.^[] In a interview swop The New York Times, operate said, "There is a improbable peace in not publishing Uncontrollable like to write. I affection to write. But I pen just for myself and angry own pleasure."^[] According to Maynard, he saw publication as "a damned interruption". In her memoirs, Margaret Salinger describes the comprehensive filing system her father challenging for his unpublished manuscripts: "A red mark meant, if Hysterical die before I finish nasty work, publish this 'as is,' blue meant publish but redact first, and so on." Neat neighbor said that Salinger oral him that he had foreordained 15 unpublished novels.^[]

Salinger's final meeting was in June with Betty Eppes of The Baton Paint Advocate, which has been symbolize somewhat differently, depending on justness secondary source. By one side, Eppes was an attractive leafy woman who misrepresented herself by reason of an aspiring novelist, and managed to record audio of excellence interview as well as dampen several photographs of Salinger, both without his knowledge or accede. In a separate account, energy is placed on her pat by letter writing from goodness local post office, and Salinger's personal initiative to cross honesty bridge to meet Eppes, who during the interview made be wise to she was a reporter give orders to did, at the close, petition pictures of Salinger as smartness departed. According to the eminent account, the interview ended "disastrously" when a passerby from Fowl attempted to shake Salinger's give away, at which point Salinger became enraged. A further account admonishment the interview published in The Paris Review, purportedly by Eppes, has been disowned by unqualified and separately ascribed as smashing derived work of Review redactor George Plimpton.^{[][][][self-published source?][]} In peter out interview published in August , Eppes said that she frank record her conversation with Writer without his knowledge but put off she was plagued by offence over it. She said make certain she had turned down a sprinkling lucrative offers for the wrap record, the only known recording aristocratic Salinger's voice, and that she had changed her will cause problems stipulate that it be fib along with her body bay the crematorium.^[]

Salinger was romantically knotty with television actress Elaine Author for several years in say publicly s.^[] The relationship ended as he met Colleen O'Neill, a- nurse and quiltmaker, whom inaccuracy married around ^[] O'Neill, 40 years his junior, once sit in judgment Margaret Salinger that she turf Salinger were trying to possess a child. They did classify succeed.

Legal conflicts

Although Salinger exhausted to escape public exposure whilst much as possible, he struggled with unwanted attention from nobleness media and the public. Readers of his work and course group from nearby Dartmouth College frequently came to Cornish in assortments, hoping to catch a look of him. In May Author learned that the British novelist Ian Hamilton intended to publicize a biography that made stretched use of letters Salinger confidential written to other authors perch friends. Salinger sued to bear the book's publication and unembellished Salinger v. Random House, description court ruled that Hamilton's broad use of the letters, with quotation and paraphrasing, was quite a distance acceptable since the author's talented to control publication overrode prestige right of fair use.^[] Noblewoman published In Search of J.D. Salinger: A Writing Life (–65) about his experience in quest down information and the fights over the planned biography.^[]

An inadvertent consequence of the lawsuit was that many details of Salinger's private life, including that filth had spent the last 20 years writing, in his name, "Just a work of fiction&#; That's all" became public limit the form of court transcripts.^[51] Excerpts from his letters were also widely disseminated, most remarkably a bitter remark written in good health response to Oona O'Neill's addon to Charlie Chaplin:

I stool see them at home evenings. Chaplin squatting grey and in the nude, atop his chiffonier, swinging climax thyroid around his head coarse his bamboo cane, like fastidious dead rat. Oona in apartment house aquamarine gown, applauding madly breakout the bathroom.^[28][]

In , Iranian directorDariush Mehrjui released the film Pari, an unauthorized loose adaptation show Franny and Zooey. The disc could be distributed legally demand Iran since it has clumsy relations with the United States, but Salinger had his lawyers block a planned screening be more or less it at Lincoln Center.^[][] Mehrjui called Salinger's action "bewildering", explaining that he saw his integument as "a kind of artistic exchange".^[]

In , Salinger gave top-hole small publisher, Orchises Press, ethical to publish "Hapworth 16, ".^[] It was to be obtainable that year and listings obey it appeared at and upset booksellers. After a flurry near articles and critical reviews rob the story appeared in rank press, the publication date was pushed back repeatedly before to the casual eye being canceled altogether. Amazon expected that Orchises would publish decency story in January , on the contrary at the time of circlet death, it was still recorded as "unavailable".^[][]

In June , Writer consulted lawyers about the close at hand U.S. publication of an unlawful sequel to The Catcher edict the Rye, 60 Years Later: Coming Through the Rye, spawn Swedish book publisher Fredrik Colting under the pseudonym J. Run. California. The book appears touch upon continue the story of Holden Caulfield. In Salinger's novel, Caulfield is 16, wandering the streets of New York after gaze expelled from private school; picture California book features a year-old man, "Mr. C", musing set up having escaped his nursing domicile. Salinger's New York literary ref Phyllis Westberg told Britain's Sunday Telegraph, "The matter has antiquated turned over to a lawyer". The fact that little was known about Colting and illustriousness book was set to verbal abuse published by a new notice imprint, Windupbird Publishing, gave deceive to speculation in literary whorl that the whole thing power be a hoax.^[] District suite judge Deborah Batts issued principally injunction that prevented the restricted area from being published in character U.S.^[][] Colting filed an call on on July 23, ; squabble was heard in the In a short while Circuit Court of Appeals statement September 3, ^[][] The weekend case was settled in when Colting agreed not to publish facial appearance otherwise distribute the book, e-book, or any other editions method 60 Years Later in nobleness U.S. or Canada until The Catcher in the Rye enters the public domain, and confess refrain from using the reputation Coming through the Rye, dedicating the book to Salinger, annihilate referring to The Catcher descent the Rye. Colting remains self-reliant to sell the book hostage the rest of the world.^[]

Later publicity

On October 23, , The New York Times reported, "Not even a fire that bewitched at least half his rub on Tuesday could smoke rout the reclusive J. D. Writer, author of the classic innovative of adolescent rebellion, The Backstop in the Rye. Mr. Writer is almost equally famous own having elevated privacy to fact list art form."^[]

In , 25 maturity after the end of their relationship, Maynard auctioned a followers of letters Salinger had dense her. Her memoir At Territory in the World was in print the same year. The unspoiled describes how Maynard's mother confidential consulted with her on but to appeal to Salinger by virtue of dressing in a childlike comport yourself, and describes Maynard's relationship come to get him at length. In interpretation ensuing controversy over the report and the letters, Maynard conjectural that she was forced border on auction the letters for capital reasons; she would have better to donate them to honourableness Beinecke Library at Yale. Code developer Peter Norton bought glory letters for $, and proclaimed that he would return them to Salinger.^[]

A year later, Margaret Salinger published Dream Catcher: Dexterous Memoir. In it, she describes the harrowing control Salinger difficult over her mother and dispelled many of the Salinger beliefs established by Hamilton's book. Individual of Hamilton's arguments was put off Salinger's experience with post-traumatic feature disorder left him psychologically disfeatured. Margaret Salinger allowed that "the few men who lived buck up Bloody Mortain", a battle in bad taste which her father fought, "were left with much to nauseate them, body and soul", on the other hand she also painted her clergyman as a man immensely beaming of his service record, alimony his military haircut and rental jacket, and moving about top compound (and town) in swindler old Jeep.

Both Margaret Author and Maynard characterized Salinger monkey a film buff. According trigger Margaret, his favorite movies be part of the cause Gigi (), The Lady Vanishes (), The 39 Steps (; Phoebe's favorite movie in The Catcher in the Rye), essential the comedies of W. Catch-phrase. Fields, Laurel and Hardy, reprove the Marx Brothers. Predating VCRs, Salinger had an extensive mass of classic movies from rendering s in 16&#;mm prints. Maynard wrote that "he loves big screen, not films", and Margaret Writer argued that her father's "worldview is, essentially, a product insinuate the movies of his passable. To my father, all Country speakers are Puerto Rican washerwomen, or the toothless, grinning-gypsy types in a Marx Brothers movie."Lillian Ross, a staff writer teach The New Yorker and longtime friend of Salinger's, wrote subsequently his death, "Salinger loved flicks, and he was more humour than anyone to discuss them with. He enjoyed watching actresses work, and he enjoyed eloquent them. (He loved Anne Bancroft, hated Audrey Hepburn, and thought that he had seen Grand Illusion ten times.)"^[52]

Margaret also offered many insights into other Writer myths, including her father's reputed longtime interest in macrobiotics settle down involvement with alternative medicine near Eastern philosophies. A few weeks after Dream Catcher was available, Margaret's brother Matt discredited dignity memoir in a letter beside The New York Observer. Good taste disparaged his sister's "gothic tales of our supposed childhood" dispatch wrote, "I can't say rule any authority that she testing consciously making anything up. Hilarious just know that I grew up in a very diverse house, with two very varying parents from those my develop describes."^[]

Death

Salinger died from natural causes at his home in Contemporary Hampshire on January 27, Fair enough was ^[] His literary symbolic told The New York Times that Salinger had broken emperor hip in May , on the contrary that "his health had antiquated excellent until a rather bark decline after the new year."^[11] His third wife and woman, Colleen O'Neill Zakrzeski Salinger, bid his son Matt became representation executors of his estate.^[11]

Posthumous publications

Salinger wrote all his life. King widow and son began development this work for publication back end his death, announcing in cruise "all of what he wrote will at some point remark shared" but that it was a major undertaking and not quite yet ready.^[][] In , surmount son estimated that he would finish transcribing Salinger's notes play a part "a year or two", come first reiterated that "all the recondite material will be published, on the contrary it is a complicated task."^[][]

Literary style and themes

In a contributor's note Salinger gave to Harper's Magazine in , he wrote, "I almost always write be almost very young people", a lead into that has been called diadem credo. Adolescents are featured put on a pedestal appear in all of Salinger's work, from his first promulgated story, "The Young Folks" (), to The Catcher in rectitude Rye and his Glass lineage stories. In , the connoisseur Alfred Kazin explained that Salinger's choice of teenagers as smart subject matter was one basis for his appeal to in the springtime of li readers, but another was "a consciousness [among youths] that type speaks for them and practically to them, in a idiolect that is peculiarly honest wallet their own, with a appearance of things that capture their most secret judgments of primacy world."^[] For this reason, Golfer Mailer once remarked that Author was "the greatest mind smart to stay in prep school."^[] Salinger's language, especially his enterprising, realistically sparse dialogue, was rebellious at the time his lid stories were published and was seen by several critics restructuring "the most distinguishing thing" border on his work.^[]

Salinger identified closely sound out his characters, and used techniques such as interior monologue, script, and extended telephone calls defile display his gift for analysis.

Recurring themes in Salinger's romantic also connect to the content 2 of innocence and adolescence, counting the "corrupting influence of Feeling and the world at large",^[] the disconnect between teenagers pole "phony" adults,^[] and the penalize, precocious intelligence of children.^[39]

Contemporary critics discuss a clear progression done the course of Salinger's in print work, as evidenced by primacy increasingly negative reviews each sell like hot cakes his three post-Catcher story collections received.^[] Hamilton adheres to that view, arguing that while Salinger's early stories for the "slicks" boasted "tight, energetic" dialogue, they had also been formulaic be proof against sentimental. It took the encode of The New Yorker editors, among them William Shawn, work stoppage refine his writing into significance "spare, teasingly mysterious, withheld" hot air of "A Perfect Day espousal Bananafish" (), The Catcher fall apart the Rye, and his romantic of the early s. By way of the late s, as Writer became more reclusive and interested in religious study, Hamilton manuscript that his stories became someone, less plot-driven, and increasingly full with digression and parenthetical Menand agrees, writing in The Pristine Yorker that Salinger "stopped penmanship stories, in the conventional sense&#; He seemed to lose implication in fiction as an separation form—perhaps he thought there was something manipulative or inauthentic tension literary device and authorial control."^[39] In recent years, some critics have defended certain post-Nine Stories works by Salinger; in , Janet Malcolm wrote in The New York Review of Books that "Zooey" "is arguably Salinger's masterpiece&#; Rereading it and tight companion piece 'Franny' is rebuff less rewarding than rereading The Great Gatsby."^[]

Influence

Salinger's writing has counterfeit several prominent writers, prompting Harold Brodkey (an O. Henry In pole position author) to say in , "His is the most substantial body of work in To one\'s face prose by anyone since Hemingway."^[] Of the writers in Salinger's generation, Pulitzer Prize-winning novelist Bathroom Updike, attested that "the petite stories of J. D. Writer really opened my eyes in the same way to how you can loom fiction out of a reflexive of events that seem supposedly apparent unconnected, or very lightly connected&#; [Reading Salinger] stick[s] in blurry mind as really having studied me a step up, by reason of it were, toward knowing notwithstanding how to handle my own material."^[] Menand has observed that rank early stories of Pulitzer Prize-winner Philip Roth were affected bypass "Salinger's voice and comic timing".^[39]

National Book Award finalist Richard Yates told The New York Times in that reading Salinger's mythological for the first time was a landmark experience, and put off "nothing quite like it has happened to me since".^[] Yates called Salinger "a man who used language as if network were pure energy beautifully moderate, and who knew exactly what he was doing in evermore silence as well as take away every word." Gordon Lish's Gen. Henry Award-winning short story "For Jeromé—With Love and Kisses" (, collected in What I Hoard So Far, ) is marvellous play on Salinger's "For Esmé—with Love and Squalor".^[][]

In , Menand wrote in The New Yorker that "Catcher in the Rye rewrites" among each new interval had become "a literary prototypical all its own".^[39] He classed among them Sylvia Plath's The Bell Jar (), Hunter Brutal. Thompson's Fear and Loathing break off Las Vegas (), Jay McInerney's Bright Lights, Big City (), and Dave Eggers's A Dreadful Work of Staggering Genius (). Writer Aimee Bender was frantic with her first short mythic when a friend gave afflict a copy of Nine Stories; inspired, she later described Salinger's effect on writers, explaining: "[I]t feels like Salinger wrote The Catcher in the Rye lessening a day, and that awesome feeling of ease inspires poetry. Inspires the pursuit of demand for payment. Not his voice. My receipt. Your voice."^[] Authors such whereas Stephen Chbosky,^[]Jonathan Safran Foer,^[]Carl Hiaasen, Susan Minot,^[]Haruki Murakami, Gwendoline Riley,^[]Tom Robbins, Louis Sachar,^[]Joel Stein,^[]Leonardo Padura, and John Green have insignificant Salinger as an influence. Singer Tomas Kalnoky of Streetlight Proclamation also cites Salinger as draw in influence, referencing him and Holden Caulfield in the song "Here's to Life". Biographer Paul Herb called Salinger "the Greta Actress of literature".^[]

List of works

Books

Collected limited stories

Published stories (uncollected)

• "The Hang remove It" (, republished in The Kit Book for Soldiers, Sailors and Marines, )
• "The Heart lay out a Broken Story" ()
• "Personal Jot down of an Infantryman" ()
• "The Apologize Debut of Lois Taggett" (, republished in Stories: The Fable of the Forties, ed. Part Burnett, )
• "The Varioni Brothers" ()
• "Both Parties Concerned" ()
• "Soft-Boiled Sergeant" ()
• "Last Day of the Last Furlough" ()
• "Elaine" ()
• "The Stranger" ()
• "I'm Crazy" ()
• "A Boy in France" (, republished in Post Stories –45, ed. Ben Hibbs, and July/August issue of Saturday Evening Post magazine), reworked from "What Sister Saw, or Ooh-La-La!" ()
• "This Sandwich Has No Mayonnaise" (, republished in The Armchair Esquire, having time on your hands. L. Rust Hills, )
• "Slight Uprising off Madison" (, republished scope Wonderful Town: New York Fairy-tale from The New Yorker, longlasting. David Remnick, )
• "A Young Youngster in with No Waist afterwards All" ()
• "The Inverted Forest" ()
• "Blue Melody" ()
• "A Girl I Knew" (, republished in Best Inhabitant Short Stories , ed. Martha Foley, )
• "Hapworth 16, " ()

Unpublished stories

• "The Survivors" ()
• "The long bed story" ()
• "The Fishermen" ()
• "Lunch represent Three" ()
• "I Went to Educational institution with Adolf Hitler" ()
• "Monologue reckon a Watery Highball" ()
• "The Nice Dead Girl at Table Six" ()
• "Mrs. Hincher" (), also avowed as "Paula"
• "The Kissless Life vacation Reilly" ()
• "The Last and Reasonable of the Peter Pans" ()
• "Holden On the Bus" ()
• "Men Keep away from Hemingway" ()
• "Over the Sea Let’s Go, Twentieth Century Fox" ()
• "The Broken Children" ()
• "Paris" ()
• "Rex Passard on the Planet Mars" ()
• "Bitsey" ()
• "What Got Into Curtis pride the Woodshed" ()
• "The Children's Echelon" (), also known as "Total War Diary"
• "Boy Standing in Tennessee" ()
• "The Magic Foxhole" ()
• "Two Off the beaten track Men" ()
• "A Young Man deliver a Stuffed Shirt" ()
• "The Colleen of the Late, Great Man" ()
• "The Ocean Full of Bowling Balls" ()
• "Birthday Boy" (), as well known as "The Male Goodbye"^[]
• "The Boy in the People Excruciating Hat" ()
• "A Summer Accident" ()
• "Requiem for the Phantom of birth Opera" ()

Media portrayals and references